An important aspect of learning to read is efficiency in accessing different kinds of linguistic information (orthographic, phonological, and semantic) about written words. The present study investigates whether, in addition to the integrity of such linguistic skills, early progress in reading may require a degree of cognitive flexibility in order to manage the coordination of this information ...

This research is motivated by the problems that exist in field, namely a child with learning difficulties who have difficulty reading (dyslexia) fourth grade at SD N 08 Sarilamak. Children words KV-KVK patterns so children cannot follow lessons school. study aims to improve children's ability read early, especially pattern. an experimental form of single subject (SSR) A-B-A design, subjects thi...

Braille is an important form of written communication for many visually disabled people. Perceptual factors limiting Braille reading speed are poorly understood, partly because of the lack of accurate, standardized testing methods. In this paper, we describe a new, standardized method for measuring Braille reading speed, adapted from the MNREAD test for print reading speed. The key principles i...

Reading proficiency in the English alphabetic system requires mastery of common letter-to-sound mappings as well as rapid recognition of familiar words. Previous research has suggested that readers differ in their preferences for the two strategies of word reading, with some preferring to focus on the letter-tosound correspondences within a word, a grapheme-phoneme (GP) strategy, while others p...

The essential first step for a beginning reader is to learn to match printed forms to phonological representations. For a new word, this is an effortful process where each grapheme must be translated individually (serial decoding). The role of phonological awareness in developing a decoding strategy is well known. We examined whether beginning readers recruit different skills depending on the n...

juxtaposition of words is a linguistic phenomenon that exists in all languages and is not specific to a language and means common relationship of one word with other certain words in a language. juxtaposition of words is one of the most important issues of semantics because of its important role in determining meaning of many words and combinations. this verbal phenomenon is one of distinguishi...