We conducted a series of studies on the implied causal structure of metaphors. Some metaphors are “systemic” and highlight the complexity of relationships. For example, describing a national park as the “backbone” of the park system situates the park in a larger body of national parks, specifying a set of relationships between that park and the whole system. Other metaphors don’t enforce the sa...

This article analyses the push and pull factors that bring visitors to the Iranian national parks. The study used a structured questionnaire to collect data on these factors and the socio-demographic profile of the visitors. Survey conducted in Boujagh National Park, an area of 3177 hectares located in the north of the Iran, produced 400 questionnaires. The factor analysis identified four push ...

Introduction Park visitors' travel choices and behavior are longstanding concerns for the National Park Service. Travel behaviors can affect natural and cultural resources and the quality of the visitor experience. Driving park roadways has been central to the Ameri can national park experience since the earliest days of park preservation. As historian David Louter (2006) argued in his book Win...