Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4/c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase kinase 1 (MKK4/JNKK1; hereafter referred to as MKK4) is a dual-specificity kinase with a critical role in regulating the activity of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase and p38 kinases. We identified a novel biological function for MKK4 in the regulation of growth of ovarian and prostate cancer metastases. Clinical correlative studie...

Regulation of protein kinase C in the parathyroid gland was investigated by testing the effects of phorbol ester, exogenous phospholipase C, and low and high calcium concentrations on enzyme activity. Treatment of bovine parathyroid cells with phorbol ester, which activates protein kinase C directly, and with phospholipase C, which produces diacylglycerol, an activator of protein kinase C, sign...

I. Introduction 138 II. Localized Pools of cAMP 139 A. Adenylyl cyclases 139 B. Phosphodiesterases 139 C. cAMP gradients 140 III. cAMP Effectors Other Than Protein Kinase A 140 A. CNG ion channels 140 B. cAMP-regulated GEFs 141 IV. Protein Kinase A 141 V. A Kinase Anchoring Proteins 143 VI. A Multitude of A Kinase Anchoring Proteins 145 A. AKAPs associated with ion channels 145 B. AKAPs associa...

Deregulation of a broad range protein kinases has been linked to the development and growth cancer cells. Protein are intracellular enzymes that regulate cell proliferation as well triggering regulation immune responses. important therapeutic targets in because their critical role signalling mechanisms drive malignant characteristics. Intensive efforts drug research have made this area over las...

Cardiac dysfunction is a severe secondary effect of Type 2 diabetes. Recruitment of the protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3 pathway represents an integral event in glucose homeostasis, albeit its regulation in the diabetic heart remains undefined. Thus the following study tested the hypothesis that the regulation of protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3 was altered in the myocardi...

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor activated during stress that plays key role in maintaining homeostasis. This ubiquitous signaling pathway has been implicated multiple functions including mitochondrial biogenesis, redox regulation, cell growth and proliferation, autophagy inflammation. The protective of AMPK cardiovascular function the involvem...

Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), known as a serine/threonine kinase, has been identified as a critical cancer suppressor in many cancer cells. It is a master upstream kinase of 13 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related protein kinases, and possesses versatile biological functions. LKB1 gene is mutated in many cancers, and its protein can form different protein complexes with different cellular loca...