introduction social development is a phenomenon having close relationship with ways and how the people live in a society. the main goal of  social development is to upgrade the levels of general livings’ status by creating preferred conditions based on accepted values.focuses must be on: reducing poverty and improving the qualities of nutrition, hygiene, housing, occupation, education and fruit...

Exochus atlanticus sp. n., Melo & Penteado-Dias, and Trieces broadi sp. n., Melo & Penteado-Dias, are described and illustrated in Brazilian fauna. The genus Exochus and the species E. ablatus, E. izbus, T. azipas, T. riodinis, T. wardae, T. upermia and T. wascia, are recorded for the first time from Brazil. Diagnosis and distribution information for each species are provided.

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Ancistrocerus waldenii waldenii (Viereck 1906) is newly recorded from West Greenland. This is a new northern limit for the species.

We investigate the effect of parasitoid phenology on host-parasitoid population cycles. Recent experimental research has shown that parasitized hosts can continue to interact with their unparasitized counterparts through competition. Parasitoid phenology, in particular the timing of emergence from the host, determines the duration of this competition. We construct a discrete-time host-parasitoi...

BACKGROUND Orussus minutus is an uncommonly collected parasitoid sawfly known from the eastern United States. NEW INFORMATION We report specimens Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983, from Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota, and Manitoba, which represent new state and province records and significantly expand the known range of the species west from previous records; provide collection information for un...

This contribution presents the study of species-group of Plumarius Philippi 1873, as the result of a survey of the morphological variation in males. The group is characterized by the large ocelli and transverse head. It consists of the following three new species: P. culminatus Diez, Fidalgo & Roig-Alsina, sp. nov., P. ocellatus Diez, Fidalgo & Roig-Alsina, sp. nov., and P. stangei Diez, Fidalg...

We describe and figure Moina hemanti sp. nov. from ephemeral pools on the campus of Pune University, India. Although the pools flood during the monsoon, the moinid only appears irregularly and for a short period of time. In morphology, it is extremely close to Moina dumonti from Mexico and Cuba. This geographic gap remains unexplained for the time being, although more similar cases among cladoc...