Most studies on bilingual language development focus on children's second language (L2). Here, we investigated first language (L1) development of Polish-English early migrant bilinguals in four domains: vocabulary, grammar, phonological processing, and discourse. We first compared Polish language skills between bilinguals and their Polish non-migrant monolingual peers, and then investigated the...

MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr) (MRL-Fas(lpr)) mice develop a spontaneous T cell and macrophage-dependent autoimmune disease that shares features with human lupus. Interactions via the programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway down-regulate immune responses and provide a negative regulatory checkpoint in mediating tolerance and autoimmune disease. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis th...

There is evidence indicating that invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells play an important role in defense against influenza A virus (IAV). However, the effect of inhibitory receptor, programmed death-1 (PD-1), and its ligands, programmed death ligand (PD-L) 1 and 2 on iNKT cells in protection against IAV remains to be elucidated. Here we investigated the effects of these co-stimulatory molecu...

In this paper we consider the problem of optimizing the ' H Z norm, while keeping the L1 norms of some other transfer functions under specified levels. We show that the optimal closed-loop impulse responses of transfer functions in the constraints have finite support, and thus nonrational Laplace transforms. To solve the difficulty of implementing non-rational controllers, we propose a method f...

The speech of late second language (L2) learners is generally marked by an accent. The dominant theoretical perspective attributes accents to deficient L2 perception arising from a transfer of L1 phonology, which is thought to influence L2 perception and production. In this study we evaluate the explanatory role of L2 perception in L2 production and explore alternative explanations arising from...

_______________________ Research in second language acquisition and reading in particular indicate that certain literacy skills transfer across languages. This study examines the reading strategies used by advanced Korean and Chinese ESL learners. Particular attention is devoted to how word recognition and processing skills developed in learners’ native languages (L1) may influence the type of ...

There has been little research on the acquisition of Spanish collocation, particularly concerning collocation combinations in a multilingual context. Therefore, this corpus-based study attempted to provide new insights for learning collocation. The questions are: (1) What are usage and error tendencies acquiring by learners L3 Spanish? (2) How do contrasts between learners’ prior languages (L1 ...

Background: Blocking the PD1-PD-L1 interaction has been shown to stimulate anti-tumour responses. Although antibody-based drugs targeting either PD-1 or PD-L1 are approved, small molecule inhibitors of currently in development. A subset these induce loss cell surface a time- and concentration-dependent manner. INCB090244 is that previously bind disrupt PD-L1/PD-1 interaction. Materials Methods:...

Blockade of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint augments antitumor immunity and induces durable responses in patients with solid cancers, but data on clinical efficacy in leukemias are sparse. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with a tumor-supportive microenvironment and a dysfunctional immune system, as shown by "exhausted" T ce...