Dissemination of medical information using mobile phones is still in a nascent stage because of their limited features – lack of penetration of mobile internet, small screen size etc. We present the design of a drug QA system that could be used for providing information about medicines over short message service (SMS). We begin with a survey of the drug information domain and classify the drug ...

The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) provide Internet penetration statistics, which are collected from official national sources worldwide, and they are widely used to inform policymakers and researchers about the expansion of digital technologies. Nevertheless, these statistics are derived with methodologies, whic...

 Some drugs included in Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) are not able to penetrate the genital tract; of those that can, only a small number do so effectively (i.e. suboptimal drug levels). This lack of penetration can be problematic as drug-resistant strains of HIV can replicate in the genital tract, which can act as separate compartment in the body, which means that virologic fai...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important nosocomial pathogen is difÞ cult to treat because of high antimicrobial resistance.[1] The common form of resistance is mediated by lack of drug penetration and / or carbapenem hydrolyzing ß-lactamases.[2] Detection of metallo ß lactamase (MBL)producing P. aeruginosa is crucial for the optimal treatment of patients. The present study was undertaken to study ...

specific structure of ewe's cervix is one of artificial insemination limitation in sheep. successful insemination in ewes has a close relation with morphology of their cervix. the objective of this experiment was to compare anatomical structure of cervix in makui, kurdish and afshari ewes. in this study, reproductive tract of 300 ewes of aforesaid sheep (100 ewes of each strain) were colle...

The present study was to formulate a transungual drug delivery formulation. We targeted to formulate and evaluate fluconazole film for the nail fungal infection using extracted natural and evaluated penetration enhancer (PE). Model drug fluconazole was formulated with the natural extracted penetration enhancer with different ratios. The solvent for PE extraction was methanol and that extracts w...

The ability of domestic cat or leopard cat spermatozoa to penetrate zonae pellucidae (ZP) of salt-stored, domestic cat oocytes was examined as an assay for sperm capacitation. Ovarian oocytes were recovered after ovariectomy and matured in vitro for 18-36 h. Following removal of cumulus cells, the oocytes were used fresh, or stored (4°C, 0.5-24 weeks) in a HEPES-buffered hypertonic salt solutio...

Titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) is included in some sunscreen formulations to physically block ultraviolet radiation. A dermal penetration study was conducted in minipigs with three TiO(2) particles (uncoated submicron sized, uncoated nano-sized, and dimethicone/methicone copolymer-coated nanosized) applied 5% by weight in a sunscreen. These and control formulations were topically applied to minipigs...

AIMS The purpose of this study was to compare microbial penetration method and electrochemical technique for evaluation of the apical seal. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 28 teeth were prepared using the step-back technique to ISO size 40 master apical files. The specimens were randomly divided into an experimental group, two positive and two negative controls. Root canals in the experiment...

infection process including spore germination, penetration and intercellular development of cercospora beticola in the mesophyll of immature and mature leaves of two resistant  (fd0018 and hm1836) and a susceptible genotypes (236) of sugar beet were studied, in order to determine the relative importance of defense phenomena in pre and post-penetration stage of infection to the pathogen in sugar...