introduction: water shortage is a crucial challenge that threatens future of landscape development in iran. naturally it intensifies by climate change that will be led to water stress of ecosystems. the water stress have confronted universities campus landscape with serious challenges especially those that located in arid and semi-arid areas such as center of iran. malayer university has had se...

The act of design in landscape architecture consists a concept within designer’s mind, technical representations, and finally, process construction. In the 4th Industrial Revolution, is facing many changes due to rapid development computer technology IT ecosystem. Computer was initially developed for simple functions, such as mathematical calculation graphic representation. However, after sprea...

Virtual reality (VR) helps to visualize the spatial relationships between different elements of landscape in architecture, allowing user feel designed environment and navigate through it interactively. VR can be used spaces both indoors (inside a building) outdoors (landscape). In present research, perception 3D during navigation was compared indoor outdoor virtual environments. The value exper...

iranian scientific association of landscape architecture (irsala), founded in february 2013, is considered a major turning point in scientific and professional societies related to the issues of place and space. innovative human achievement and scientific knowledge as well as new approaches in confronting our surrounding environment, has resulted in the creation of landscape planning and design...

The utilization of three-dimensional (3-D) graphical design and scientific visualization of the soil landscape continuum is still in its infancy. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) to create virtual 3-D soil landscape models representing natural soil landscape components. Virtual Reality Modeling Language is an object-oriented, 3-D...