Indonesia is a multilingual country with over 700 languages spoken by various cultural groups. Language shift and maintenance are two common interesting phenomena to study in society. Studies focusing on language have been conducted for decades. Nevertheless, limited studies found regarding the of co-existing ethnics who lived more than generations, such as Arabic or Chinese. Chinese descents s...

Abstract Language activists, teachers and policymakers in Scotland Nova Scotia often allude to the role that new speakers may play ensuring future maintenance of Scottish Gaelic on either side Atlantic. In many ways, globalisation greater digital connectivity have mitigated effects physical distance between ocean, whilst simultaneously cementing dominant position English. Meanwhile, second lang...