The concepts of language variety and variation lie at the heart of the world Englishes enterprise, not least because many researchers in this field have identified their interests as the study of "varieties of English," "localized varieties of English," "non-native varieties of English," "second-language varieties of English," and "new varieties of English." The issue of linguistic variety is a...

For the study of historical language varieties, the sparsity of training data imposes immense problems on syntactic annotation and the development of NLP tools that automatize the process. In this paper, we explore strategies to compensate the lack of training data by including data from related varieties in a series of annotation projection experiments from English to four old Germanic languag...

In the present investigation, the intelligibility of 17 Scandinavian language varieties (including standard Danish) was assessed among young Danes from Copenhagen. In addition, distances between standard Danish and each of the 17 varieties were measured at the lexical level and at different phonetic levels. In order to determine how well these linguistic levels can predict intelligibility, we c...

Kuga-Satake varieties are abelian varieties associated to certain weight two Hodge structures, for example the second cohomology group of a K3 surface. We start with an introduction to Hodge structures and we give a detailed account of the construction of Kuga-Satake varieties. The Hodge conjecture is discussed in section 2. An excellent survey of the Hodge conjecture for abelian varieties is [...

We show that if X is a toric scheme over a regular ring containing a field of finite characteristic then the direct limit of the K-groups of X taken over any infinite sequence of nontrivial dilations is homotopy invariant. This theorem was known in characteristic 0. The affine case of our result was conjectured by Gubeladze.

Many people are multilingual and they may draw from multiple language varieties when writing their messages. This paper is a first step towards analyzing and detecting code-switching within words. We first segment words into smaller units. Then, words are identified that are composed of sequences of subunits associated with different languages. We demonstrate our method on Twitter data in which...

Drawing on the literature on the emergence of different varieties of English in the globalized world, current debates surrounding English as an international language (EIL), and more orientation towards intelligibility and mutual understanding in international communication, this article reports the findings of a quantitative and qualitative research study with 112 native American and British, ...