We report results from economic experiments that provide a direct test of the hypothesis that criminal behavior responds rationally to changes in the possible rewards and in the probability and severity of punishment. The experiments involve decisions that are best described as petty larceny, and are done using high school and college students who can anonymously take real money from each other...

Despite its long history in criminology, research on the relationship between macroeconomic conditions and rates of common crime remains limited. That is in part because many analysts doubt that any systematic relationship exists and in part because of disagreement with regard to the validity of the indicators typically used to measure economic conditions. We argue in this article that good the...

Standards published by the Association of Forensic Science Providers (2009, Standards for the formulation of evaluative forensic science expert opinion, Science & Justice, Vol. 49, pp. 161-164) encourage forensic scientists to express their conclusions in the form of a likelihood ratio (LR), in which the value of the evidence is conveyed verbally or numerically. In this article, we report two e...

state immunity is considered to be one of the most important issues in contemporary international law. over time, this concept gas been changed due to the evolution of international law and during recent decades, the focus of academic forums and national and international courts has been attached to it. in the meantime, several states including i.r.iran and u.s.a have approved state immunity la...

The United States has a teenage birth rate that is high relative to that of other developed countries, and falling more slowly. Children of teenagers may experience difficult childhoods and hence be more likely to commit crimes subsequently. I assess to what extent lagged teen birth rates can explain why the United States had the highest developed country crime rates in the 1980s, and why US ra...

Purpose In early 2020, the world faced a rapid life-changing pandemic in form of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis. Citywide lockdowns with stay-at-home orders and mass closings quickly became “new normal.” With these new mandates, routine activity, mental health financial securities all began to experience major deviations, it clear that this could prove be rather valuable providing o...