OBJECTIVES This study explored and measured the presence, content and growth of municipal no-smoking by-laws and examined factors related to differences in by-law breadth and comprehensiveness. METHODS By-laws from each jurisdiction across Ontario were collected and scored relative to their breadth and restrictiveness using the Asbridge-O'Grady Index. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was u...

Previous research showed that considerable differences exist in telemedical legislation within different countries. The result points out the existence of major grasp between legislation in the USA, Europe and countries like Croatia. This article deals with analysis of chronological steps of legislation development and enactment. The focus of research is placed on enactment of legislation relat...

Insurance fraud, which adds an estimated $85 billion per year to the total insurance bill in the United States, is an extremely serious problem for consumers, regulators, and insurance companies. This paper analyzes the effects of state legislation and market conditions on automobile insurance fraud from 1988 to 1999, a period exhibiting a substantial increase in the enactment of antifraud legi...

CONTEXT States have passed numerous laws restricting abortion, and Texas passed some of the most restrictive legislation between 2011 and 2013. Information about women's awareness of and support for the laws' provisions could inform future debates regarding abortion legislation. METHODS Between December 2014 and January 2015, some 779 women aged 18-49 participated in an online, statewide repr...

state immunity is considered to be one of the most important issues in contemporary international law. over time, this concept gas been changed due to the evolution of international law and during recent decades, the focus of academic forums and national and international courts has been attached to it. in the meantime, several states including i.r.iran and u.s.a have approved state immunity la...

BACKGROUND Secondhand smoke causes cardiovascular and respiratory disease. Smoke-free legislation is associated with a lower risk of hospitalization and death from these diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted by law comprehensiveness to determine the relationship between smoke-free legislation and hospital admission or death from cardiac, cerebrovascular, and...

In this paper, we evaluate the impact of state immigration legislation targeting employment on the employment levels, population, and employment rates for working age natives and immigrants. Our quasi-experimental estimator relies on comparing average outcome levels for the six months before the legislation passes to the six months following passage in states enacting such laws relative to stat...

The goals of health care reform and the antitrust laws are similar: promotion of consumer welfare. Under reform, having large groups of consumers and providers will offer substantial efficiencies in purchasing and providing health care services but also will pose some antitrust risks. Health alliances may have excessive market power. Health plans and provider networks may have the potential to ...

BACKGROUND Comprehensive smokefree laws have now been introduced in several jurisdictions. Few studies have examined the association between smokefree laws and asthma in adults and these have limitations, such as lacking appropriate adjustment for long-term trends or having limited statistical power due to small study populations. This study addresses these limitations and evaluates the short-t...