For genetic analysis of mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis, we chose Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. as a model for leaf development in dicotyledonous plants. Leaves of the angustifolia mutant were the same length as but narrower and thicker than wild-type leaves. The total number of cells in leaf blades of angustifolia plants was the same as in the wild type. At the cellular level in the angust...

In this paper we develop new algorithmic machinery for solving hard problems on graphs of bounded rank-width and on digraphs of bounded bi-rank-width in polynomial (XP, to be precise) time. These include, particularly, graph colouring and chromatic polynomial problems, the Hamiltonian path and c-min-leaf outbranching, the directed cut, and more generally MSOL-partitioning problems on digraphs. ...

In recent years, the parameterized complexity approach has lead to the introduction of many new algorithms and frameworks on graphs and digraphs of bounded clique-width and, equivalently, rank-width. However, despite intensive work on the subject, there still exist well-established hard problems where neither a parameterized algorithm nor a theoretical obstacle to its existence are known. Our a...

Leaf architecture directly influences canopy structure, consequentially affecting yield. We discovered a maize (Zea mays) mutant with aberrant leaf architecture, which we named drooping leaf1 (drl1). Pleiotropic mutations in drl1 affect leaf length and width, leaf angle, and internode length and diameter. These phenotypes are enhanced by natural variation at the drl2 enhancer locus, including r...

in order to investigate effects of plant density and fertilizer rates on agronomic characteristic and yield tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) (cv k326) an experiment was conducted in the experimental field of tirtash research and education center. design of experiment was randomized complete block with factorial arrangement with three replications and 36 treatments conducted in 2007 year. treatments ...

PURPOSE We aim to evaluate the effects of multileaf collimator (MLC) leaf width (5 mm vs. 2.5 mm) on the radiosurgery planning for the treatment of spine lesions according to the modulated techniques (intensity-modulated radiotherapy [IMRT] vs. volumetric-modulated arc therapy [VMAT]) and the complexity of the target shape. METHODS For this study, artificial spinal lesions were contoured and ...