Chronic inflammation is a non-traditional risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population. In recent years, the gastrointestinal tract has emerged as a major instigator of systemic inflammation in CKD. Postmortem studies previously discovered gut wall inflammation throughout the digestive tract in chronic dialysis patients. In CKD animals, colon wall infl...

Objective(s): Zonula occludens proteins (ZO-1 and ZO-2) are important intracellular tight junction (TJ)-associated proteins that link the cell cytoskeleton to the trans-membrane TJ proteins.  Destruction of TJ proteins is called the “leaky gut syndrome” and has been observed in some of the gastrointestinal diseases such as the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). So, ther...

Abstract Inflammation emanating from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a key component to suboptimal farm animal productivity. Gut inflammation encompasses more than just acidosis and widespread condition in high producing feedlot or dairy cows which commonly associated with feeding grain (starch) ration. Many of direct causes are related microbial fermentation rumen hindgut, both directly in...