Determining the cause of a particular event has been case study for several researchers over years. Finding out why an happens (its cause) means that, example, if we remove from equation, can stop effect happening or replicate it, create subsequent effect. Causality be seen as mean predicting future, based on information about past events, and with prevent alter fut...

One of the challenges academics face when designing pedagogies and curricula is how best to articulate their own positionalities regarding the different ways theories or models of learning inform both the process of design as well as the product. It is difficult to find a text book or design resource that illustrates the relationships between the main theories of learning and how they might inf...

Avoidance is a key characteristic of adaptive and maladaptive fear. Here, we review past and contemporary theories of avoidance learning. Based on the theories, experimental findings and clinical observations reviewed, we distill key principles of how adaptive and maladaptive avoidance behavior is acquired and maintained. We highlight clinical implications of avoidance learning theories and des...