Unlike its English equivalent after, which often takes NP complement, Chinese temporal connective hou tends to take VP complement. In terms of type coercion, while after seems to generally license event coercion, Chinese hou does not (with a few exceptions), as in most cases the presence of a verb is required for the houconstruction (and the sentence) to be correct. Rather than attributing this...

Williams syndrome is a genetic disorder that, it has been claimed, results in an unusual pattern of linguistic strengths and weaknesses. The current study investigated the hypothesis that there is a reduced influence of lexical knowledge on phonological short-term memory in Williams syndrome. Fourteen children with Williams syndrome and 2 vocabulary-matched control groups, 20 typically developi...

The present chapter frames Optimality-Theoretic approaches to phonological and morphosyntactic change in the context both of theoretical linguistics and of the questions asked in traditional historical linguistics. Previous traditional, standard generative and OT accounts are discussed, including principles of change invoked (e.g., Transparency Principle, Naturalness Condition, Neutral Ground H...

In the recent past, the important role played by multiword expressions in the language has been recognized by the natural language processing community. Simply put, a multiword expression (MWE) is a word collocation that exhibits markedly peculiar linguistic behaviour in terms of lexicalization, syntax or semantics. Among others, ubiquitous compound nouns, idioms and phrasal verbs fall into thi...

Although state-of-the-art parsers for natural language are lexicalized, it was recently shown that an accurate unlexicalized parser for the Penn tree-bank can be simply read off a manually refined tree-bank. While lexicalized parsers often suffer from sparse data, manual mark-up is costly and largely based on individual linguistic intuition. Thus, across domains, languages, and tree-bank annota...

This document describes a sizable grammar of English written in the TAG formalism and implemented for use with the XTAG system. This report and the grammar described herein supersedes the TAG grammar described in an earlier 1995 XTAG technical report. The English grammar described in this report is based on the TAG formalism which has been extended to include lexicalization, and unification-bas...

Bilingual annotators were paid to link roughly sixteen thousand corresponding words between on-line versions of the Bible in modern French and modern English. These annotations are freely available to the research community from http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~melamed. The annotations can be used for several purposes. First, they can be used as a standard data set for developing and testing translati...

Part-of-speech language modeling is commonly used as a component in statistical machine translation systems, but there is mixed evidence that its usage leads to significant improvements. We argue that its limited effectiveness is due to the lack of lexicalization. We introduce a new approach that builds a separate local language model for each word and part-of-speech pair. The resulting models ...

Languages vary systematically in how semantic information is “packaged” verbs and verb-related constructions. Mandarin Chinese contrasts typologically with English its lexicalization of state change. Most monomorphemic are moot about or imply a change, whereas many (e.g., kill, break) entail the fulfillment Recent studies suggest that form continuum strength state-change implicature. State-chan...

The artcile aims to clarify what types of code mixes are used in TV advertisements and why mixing is because a trend or style speech society, particularly among young people has evolved the phenomenon changing code. Bilingualism always involves use daily conversation people. This research was carried out with qualitative description. transcript by note as an instrument, for purpose this researc...