It has been observed that grammaticality judgments do not necessarily reflect relative corpus frequencies: it is possible that structure A is judged as more grammatical than structure B, whereas at the same time structure B occurs more often in actual language data than structure A. In recent work (Boersma & Hayes 2001), we have used Stochastic Optimality Theory to model grammaticality judgment...

Every winning candidate (grammatical output) is a last resort under OT. It is the best one (or within the set of the best ones) left after the impossible have been eliminated: the last one standing. I will refer to the observation that grammatical structures have a last resort appearance as the Last Resort (LR) effect. The LR effect is a theorem of OT. There is no “Last Resort” principle or con...

Readability of a summary is usually graded manually on five aspects of readability: grammaticality, coherence and structure, focus, referential clarity and non-redundancy. In the context of automated metrics for evaluation of summary quality, content evaluations have been presented through the last decade and continue to evolve, however a careful examination of readability aspects of summary qu...

An English double-embedded relative clause from which the middle verb is omitted can often be processed more easily than its grammatical counterpart, a phenomenon known as the grammaticality illusion. This effect has been found to be reversed in German, suggesting that the illusion is language specific rather than a consequence of universal working memory constraints. We present results from th...

 Second language  learners often develop grammatical competence in the absence of concomitant pragmatic competence (Kasper & Roever, 2005) and the exact nature of the relationship between the two competences is still indistinct and in need of inquiries ( Bardovi-Harlig, 1999; Khatib & Ahmadisafa, 2011). This study is a partial attempt to address the lacuna and aims to see if any relationship ca...

The paper reports on the lexico semantic annotation level of the Italian Treebank the rst Italian corpus with a multi level anno tation morpho syntactic syntactic and lexico semantic The strategy of annotation and the reference lexical resource are described and the results achieved too

This paper investigates the time it takes unconscious vs. conscious knowledge to form by using an improved "no-loss gambling" method to measure awareness of knowing. Subjects could either bet on a transparently random process or on their grammaticality judgment in an artificial grammar learning task. A conflict in the literature is resolved concerning whether unconscious rather than conscious k...

In grammatical error correction (GEC), automatically evaluating system outputs requires gold-standard references, which must be created manually and thus tend to be both expensive and limited in coverage. To address this problem, a referenceless approach has recently emerged; however, previous reference-less metrics that only consider the criterion of grammaticality, have not worked as well as ...