After the ups and downs of cabinet during parliamentary democracy or often referred to as liberal democracy, Soekarno implemented a new concept model since 1959 called guided democracy. Nahdlatul Ulama which at that time was chaired by KH Idham Chalid accepted Soekarno’s concept, NU only Islamic party The purpose writing this article is find out political thoughts in accepting method used prepa...

When people gather to celebrate the contributions of a preeminent scholar like Frank Michelman, the most likely focus of discussion will be the important papers that scholar wrote in years past that have helped define a field and have taken on a canonical status. Frank has certainly written his share of those, and in a number of different areas of legal study. But there is special enjoyment in ...

In the last quarter of the twentieth century, trends in seven different regions converged to change the political landscape of the world: 1) the fall of right-wing authoritarian regimes in Southern Europe in the mid1970s; 2) the replacement of military dictatorships by elected civilian governments across Latin America from the late 1970s through the late 1980s; 3) the decline of authoritarian r...

The year 2014 marked the fortieth anniversary of Portugal’s Revolution of the Carnations, which inaugurated what Samuel P. Huntington dubbed the “third wave” of global democratization. Any assessment of the state of global democracy today must begin by recognizing—even marveling at—the durability of this historic transformation. When the third wave began in 1974, only about 30 percent of the wo...

Abstract An institutionalized party system is often regarded as a precondition for well-functioning democracy. Recent recesses in democracy and, particular, the liberal dimension of relatively established systems, however, warrant fresh look into how institutionalization shapes We use dataset that covers 58 European systems over more than century to assess governmental arena – closure related r...

Three decades since the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe, ideal liberal democracy is under considerable strain. Recent developments region show that democratic institutions do not only evolve consolidate, but they can also decay. The article intends to provide a comprehensive theoretical account shed light on ongoing multifaceted multi-layered processes change region. Drawing...

“transition to democracy” is one of the significant results of social movements. inefficient domination using hardware method by the control system led the west to encourage liberal democracy using software method in order to change non-democratic governments, referred to as “transition period” or velvet revolution- the approach of transition theory holds that change is also necessary in iran (...

Political theory in the last decade has been awash with discussions of cultural diversity and ethnic, racial, and religious pluralism, with books exploring ‘the ethos of pluralization’, ‘strange multiplicity’, and ‘the politics of recognition’. Yet there is one form of diversity which has received relatively little attention from political theorists: linguistic diversity. To our knowledge, ther...

This paper develops a positive theory of growth and redistribution in which agents care about both their absolute and relative levels of consumption. As in Alesina and Rodrik (1994), public goods are productive and are financed by a tax on capital. Equilibrium tax policy is chosen by a pivotal voter and is shown to reflect the strength of status preferences and the distributions of wealth and p...

It is no coincidence that anti-democratic changes in the recent years Poland occurred alongside rapid development of social media. Technologically advanced methods discourse management (e.g., behavioral targeting) have successfully exploited poor understanding media mechanisms among Poles1 (Drzewiecki, 2010) and created a fertile ground for undermining liberal democracy. Social endangered publi...