Blue light often causes discomfort glare, but it is unclear which visual pigments are the main contributing factors. Thus, we conducted an experiment to clarify effects of two pigments, S-cones and melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), by applying a silent substitution method for keeping stimulations L M cones intact in foveal peripheral vision. The...

Phytoplankton pigments absorb sunlight for photosynthesis, protect the chloroplast from damage caused by excess light energy, and influence the color of the water. Some pigments act as bio-markers and are important for separation of phytoplankton functional types. Among many efforts that have been made to obtain information on phytoplankton pigments from bio-optical properties, Gaussian curves ...

The eyes of butterflies are remarkable, because they are nearly as diverse as the colors of wings. Much of eye diversity can be traced to alterations in the number, spectral properties and spatial distribution of the visual pigments. Visual pigments are light-sensitive molecules composed of an opsin protein and a chromophore. Most butterflies have eyes that contain visual pigments with a wavele...

Color discrimination requires the input of different photoreceptor cells that are sensitive to different wavelengths of light. The Drosophila visual system contains multiple classes of photoreceptor cells that differ in anatomical location, synaptic connections, and spectral sensitivity. The Rh5 and Rh6 opsins are expressed in nonoverlapping sets of R8 cells and are the only Drosophila visual p...

Highlight Research The growth rate was higher when Chlorella induced by Azospirillum brasilense. carbohydrate content increased combined with Determination of astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis. Define condition favoring Abstract Dunaliella sp. is a potential natural source carotenoid pigments such as astaxanthin, β-carotene, and lutein. can also accumulate other valuable produ...

Anthocyanins are colored water-soluble pigments belonging to the phenolic group. The pigments are in glycosylated forms. Anthocyanins responsible for the colors, red, purple, and blue, are in fruits and vegetables. Berries, currants, grapes, and some tropical fruits have high anthocyanins content. Red to purplish blue-colored leafy vegetables, grains, roots, and tubers are the edible vegetables...

A variety of spectroscopic and biochemical studies of recombinant site-directed mutants of rhodopsin and related visual pigments have been reported over the past 9 years. These studies have elucidated key structural elements common to visual pigments. In addition, systematic analysis of the chromophore-binding pocket in rhodopsin and cone pigments has led to an improved understanding of the mec...