At subcritical pressures, atomization devices in chemical-propulsion systems must ensure proper rupture of the liquid volume through aerodynamic shearing and homogeneous dispersion of the liquid droplets in the combustion chamber. The gas environment in the combustor is typically hot as a result of the heat released by chemical reactions, with part of its enthalpy being employed in vaporizing t...

Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto www.aalto.fi Author Pekka Peljo Name of the doctoral dissertation Proton Transfer Controlled Reactions at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces Publisher School of Chemical Technology Unit Department of Chemistry Series Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 39/2013 Field of research Physical Chemistry Manuscript submitted 10 December 2012...

In this paper, we introduce a modified interpretation of the water activity presented in Springer et al. [T.E. Springer, T.A. Zawodzinski, S. ottesfeld, Polymer electrolyte fuel cell model, J. Electrochem. Soc. 138 (8) (1991) 2334–2342]. The modification directly affects the membrane ater transport between the anode and the cathode (two electrodes) of the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel...

LLE is presently involved in a series of experiments 'intended to demonstrate the ability of direct-drive laser fusion to ablatively compress microencapsulated deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel to 200 times its liquid density. This campaign has been structured into three parts. The first part was initiated in February 1985 and involved the implosion of glass microballoons filled with various pressure...

T R I B O L O G Y & L U B R I C A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y W W W . S T L E . O R G wide range of approaches have been undertaken to determine how to reduce emissions from automotive engines. in a previous TLT article, the development of the homogeneous charge compression ignition (hCCi) engine was discussed. When used in place of a conventional gasoline engine, an hCCi engine can produce a 1...

Oil shale is a sedimentary rock that contains kerogen, a fossil organic material. Kerogen can be heated to produce oil and gas (retorted). This has traditionally been a CO2-intensive process. In this paper, the Shell in situ conversion process (ICP), which is a novel method of retorting oil shale in place, is analyzed. The ICP utilizes electricity to heat the underground shale over a period of ...

The effects of in-cylinder water injection on a direct injection (DI) Diesel engine were studied using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program based on the Kiva-3v code. The spray model is validated against experimental bomb data with good agreement for vapor penetration as a function of time. It was found that liquid penetration increased approximately 35% with 23% of the fuel volume repl...

The combustion of fuels, aside from their state concentrations (solid, liquid, gas), always occur in the gas phase. Next gas phase which is the mixture of the fuel and air or the fuel and oxygen, as well as of the fuel and gases containing oxygen can occurs in the form premixed homogeneous or not premixed heterogeneous. Processes of the combustion of liquid fuels and solid are more complicated ...

Global air pollution is a serious threat caused by excessive use of fossil fuels for transportation. Despite the fact that diesel fuel is a big environmental pollutant as it contains different hydrocarbons, sulphur and crude oil residues, it is yet regarded as a highly critical fuel due to its wide applications. Nowadays, biodiesel as a renewable additive is blended with diesel fuel to achie...

In this experiment, thermal time constant measurements were taken from a system consisting of a heater, He gas, and a sensitive, low temperature resistance thermometer. The resistance thermometer [3] was made of a Ge film deposited on a GaAs substrate. The data from this experiment will be used to design a mass measurement system for hydrogen storage tanks in micro-gravity environments. INTRODU...