This paper presents an online two-stage Q-learning based multi-agent (MA) controller for load frequency control (LFC) in an interconnected multi-area multi-source power system integrated with distributed energy resources (DERs). The proposed control strategy consists of two stages. The first stage is employed a PID controller which its parameters are designed using sine cosine optimization (SCO...

In recent decades the power system has become a complex network, to design load frequency control (LFC) requires solving equation. Optimisation techniques are essentially required optimise parameters of different controllers used for LFC issues in system. unified system, is examined from all angles using optimisation strategies conventional PI, PID, cascaded, and fuzzy as well recently designed...

when a distribution network consisting of distributed generations (dgs) is disconnected from upstream network, the system may be exposed to severe power imbalance. in order to prevent the damage of power plants, frequency relays operate and remove dgs from the network. in contrast to traditional methods, the main objective in new methods is to keep dg units in service in the islanded distributi...

In recent years, wind power systems have been used extensively, which not only improve the efficiency of current conventional generation systems, but also can save traditional fossil fuel resources. However, considering instability power, after being grid connected, it easily cause an impact on stability operation. Considering above problems, this paper considers to make full use energy storage...

In this paper, parameters of PID controller and bias coefficient for Load Frequency Control (LFC) are designed using a new approach. In the proposed method, the power system uncertainties and nonlinear limitations of governors and turbines ,i.e. Valve Speed Limit (VSL)and Generation Rate Constraint (GRC), are taken into account in designing. Variations of uncertain parameters are considered bet...

This work presents a comparison study between the state-space and polynomial methods for the design of the robust governor for load frequency control of steam turbine power systems. The robust governor is synthesized using the two approaches and the comparison is extended to include time and frequency domains performance, controller order, and uncertainty representation, weighting filters, opti...

Having continuous decrease in inertia and being sensitive to load/generation variation are considered crucial challenging problems for modern power grids. The main cause of these is the increased penetration capacities renewables. An unbalanced load with generation largely affects grids’ frequency voltage profiles. Load control (LFC) mechanisms extensively presented solve problems. In literatur...

This article examines the mechanisms for cross-border interchange of regulating reserves (RRs), i.e., imbalance-netting process (INP) and activation RRs (CBRR). Both are an additional service frequency restoration in power system connect different control areas (CAs) via virtual tie-lines to release reduce balancing energy. The primary objective INP is net demand between cooperating CAs with si...

The stability control of nominal frequency and terminal voltage in an interconnected power system (IPS) is always a challenging task for researchers. load variation or any disturbance affects the active reactive demands, which badly influence normal working IPS. In order to maintain at rated values, controllers are installed generating stations keep these parameters within prescribed limits by ...

ABSTRACT: Decentralized load frequency controller (LFC) for multiarea power system using the state feedback controller based on Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) is developed and studied in this paper.In this method, an objective cost function is used to design the gains of the state feedback matrix. The proposed cost function decrease the frequency deviation and power flow variations bet...