1 Introduction Recent models of causation place the concept of CAUSE within a broader framework of concepts that includes the notions of LETTING, HINDERING, HELPING and PREVENTING. In each model, the related concepts are defined in terms of a small set of conceptual distinctions. This paper examines the relationship between the cognitive and linguistic systems. Specifically, we investigate whet...

To examine the causation between consumption, export, import, and economic growth for Sultanate of Oman using yearly time series data collected from World Bank 2000-2018. Further, it was tested by basic statistics, Bound test with ARDL model, Granger-causality tests. The findings analysis indicate presence both long-run short-run associations among competing variables. Model result reflects tha...

Starting with causation, the intended notion is perhaps best introduced by examples. Causation is present when one billiard ball strikes another (which Hume called ‘a perfect instance’ of causation), when a person lifts a suitcase, and when a spring uncoils. To a first approximation, one might test for causation by testing for counterfactual dependence: if the cause had not occurred, then the e...

The starting point in the development of probabilistic analyses of token causation has usually been the naIve intuition that, in some relevant sense, a cause raises the probability of its effect. But there are well-known examples both of non-probability-raising causation and of probability-raising non-causation. Sophisticated extant probabilistic analyses treat many such cases correctly, but on...

The starting point in the development of probabilistic analyses of token causation has usually been the naive intuition that, in some relevant sense, a cause raises the probability of its effect. But there are well-known examples both of non-probability-raising causation and of probabilityraising non-causation. Sophisticated extant probabilistic analyses treat many such cases correctly, but onl...

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