Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Less-known forces are involved in the etiology of lung cancer and have relevant implications for providers in ameliorating care. The purpose of this article is to discuss theories of causation of lung cancer using historical analyses of the evolution of the disease and incorporating related explanations integrating the relationships o...

Fifty years ago, Ernst Mayr published a hugely influential paper on the nature of causation in biology, in which he distinguished between proximate and ultimate causes. Mayr equated proximate causation with immediate factors (for example, physiology) and ultimate causation with evolutionary explanations (for example, natural selection). He argued that proximate and ultimate causes addressed dif...

We evaluate event studies of single firms using Bayesian methodologies. Event studies determine the effect of a public event on firms’ stock returns. Securities litigation and antitrust investigations frequently use single-firm event studies to respectively determine loss causation\damages and anticompetitive behavior. The standard approach for inference assumes normally distributed returns; ho...

Empirical evidence, it has often been argued, undermines our commonsense assumptions concerning the efficacy of conscious intentions. One of the most influential advocates of this challenge has been Daniel Wegner, who has presented an impressive amount of evidence in support of a model of “apparent mental causation”. According to Wegner, this model provides the best explanation of numerous curi...

the problem of mental causation was one of the most important problems in philosophy of mind at least from the time of descartes. since cartesian philosophers found the causal interaction of the soul and the body problematic, they explained away the direct relation between the soul and the body in different ways. however, the problem was not resolved in contemporary philosophy of mind when the ...

The notion of “downwards causation” is an old acquaintance in the humanities, for example in the notion of the hermeneutic circle, where textual parts and wholes mutually influence each other’s interpretation. The phenomenon of genres is chosen as a possible example of downwards causation (genre constraints). A computer model is constructed on the basis of genre theory and run under various con...

the main objective in this paper is creating a method for one-dimensional modeling of multi stage axial flow turbine. the calculation used in this technique is based on common thermodynamics and aerodynamics principles in a mean stream line analyses. in this approach, loss models have to be used to determine the entropy increase across each section in the turbine stage. finally, the analysis an...