the current paper aims to examine the liability observed in sphere of presentation of goods and services with the infraction of special codes and regulations related to advertising or general codes or regulations of liability with contractual or non-contractual basis. specifically, there are not any mentions about all kinds of these liabilities in the rules of iran. the current research, which ...

Recent developments in nonlinear dynamics have found wide application in many areas of science from physics to neuroscience. Nonlinear phenomena such as feedback loops, inter-level relations, wholes constraining and modifying the behavior of their parts, and memory effects are interesting candidates for emergence and downward causation. Rayleigh-Bénard convection is an example of a nonlinear sy...

Is double prevention causation? Some say yes and some no, but the answer is no. Interrupting prevention, where A prevents B from continuing to prevent something, causation, while blocking intervenes before has begun preventing anything, not. I present two arguments for this thesis. First, it sorts canonical examples of correctly. Second, well-known theoretical that not causation only show causa...

conclusions the study found an association between the stages of change model and obesity control. results the findings indicated a statistical difference in scores of body mass index, self-efficacy scale, and health promotion lifestyle profile between the intervention and control group. patients and methods the student participants were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 52) and contro...

distributed generation (dg) sources are becoming more prominent indistribution systems due to the incremental demands for electrical energy. locationsand capacities of dg sources have great impacts on the system losses in adistribution network. this paper presents a study aimed for optimally determiningthe size and location of distributed generation units in distribution systems withdifferent l...

It is common for social science researchers to provide estimates of causal effects from regression models imposed on observational data. The many problems with such work are well documented and widely known. The usual response is to claim, with little real evidence, that the causal model is close enough to the “truth” that sufficiently accurate causal effects can be estimated. In this chapter, ...

It is common for social science researchers to provide estimates of causal e↵ects from regression models imposed on observational data. The many problems with such work are well documented and widely known. The usual response is to claim, with little real evidence, that the causal model is close enough to the “truth” that su ciently accurate causal e↵ects can be estimated. In this chapter, a mo...

Abstract According to the theory developed here, we may trace out processes emanating from a cause in such way that any consequence lying along one of these counts as an effect cause. This gives intuitive verdicts diverse range problem cases literature. Its claims about causation will never be retracted when include additional variables our model. And it validates some plausible principles caus...