Previous studies have found that children with reading difficulties need more exposures to acquire the representations needed to support fluent reading than typically developing readers (e.g., Ehri and Saltmarsh, 1995). Building on existing orthographic learning paradigms, we report on an investigation of orthographic learning in poor readers using a new learning task tracking both the accuracy...

In this paper, we use the method of learning decomposition to study students’ mental representations of English words. Specifically, we investigate whether practice on a word transfers to similar words. We focus on the case where similar words share the same root (e.g., “dog” and “dogs”). Our data comes from Project LISTEN’s Reading Tutor during the 2003—2004 school year, and includes 6,213,289...

As children become proficient readers, there are substantial changes in the eye movements that subserve reading. Some of these changes reflect universal developmental factors while others may be specific to a particular writing system. This study attempts to disentangle effects of universal and script-dependent factors by comparing the development of eye movements of English and Chinese speaker...

Dual language children enter school with varying levels of proficiencies in their first and second language. This study of Latino children of immigrants (N = 163) analyzes their dual language profiles at kindergarten and second grade, derived from the direct assessment of Spanish and English proficiencies (Woodcock Language Proficiency Batteries-Revised). Children were grouped based on the simi...

recently tasks, as the basic units of syllabi, and the cognitive complexity, as the criterion for sequencing them, have caught many second language researchers’ attention. this study sought to explore the effect of utilizing the cognitively simple and complex tasks on high- and low-proficient efl iranian writers’ linguistic performance, i.e., fluency, accuracy, lexical complexity, and structura...

We have developed a set of microplanning choice rules which are intended to enable Natural Language Generation (NLG) systems to generate appropriate texts for readers with below-average literacy, focusing in particular on choices related to how discourse structure is expressed (cue phrases, ordering, sentence structure). Evaluation experiments suggest that our rules do enhance the readability o...

Members of the Migration Advisory Committee (MAC) and its secretariat met and corresponded with the research team at LSE Consulting in order to develop and steer this research project. However, the robustness of the analysis is the responsibility of the authors, and the findings and views presented in this report do not necessarily reflect those of the MAC.

Research has shown that some PA skills are present in preschool children (e.g. rhyme and alliteration) and that higher level skills such as those demanded in the phoneme tasks, develop during reading instruction. It is expected, therefore, that those children who have acquired reading, will perform competently in PA tasks. It is not the case, however, that every competent reader is equally prof...

In this paper, pulse-triggered flip-flop types which are bidirectional elements in sequential logic circuits were designed. Initially, the pulse generation control logic is removed from the critical path to facilitate a faster discharge operation. Following low-power techniques are implemented, such as conditional capture, conditional precharge, conditional discharge, conditional data mapping, ...