L-Carnitine (LC) and acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) are highly concentrated in the epididymis and play a crucial role in sperm metabolism and maturation. They are related to sperm motility and have antioxidant properties. The objective of this review is to summarize the multiple roles played by LC and ALC in male reproduction, and to highlight their limitations as well as their benefits in the treatm...

Silicon, glass, and polymer microchip devices (lab-ona-chip) have found a diverse range of analytical and preparative applications (1 ). Prominent applications include protein and nucleic acid electrophoresis (2 ), PCR (3, 4 ), and cellular analysis (5 ). Microchip devices have also demonstrated promise in semen analysis as part of the evaluation of male infertility. The key parameters of semen...

The continuing confrontation with the thoughts and feelings surrounding an unfulfilled wish for a child makes coping very difficult. There is empirical evidence that, in medical illnesses associated with stress and loss of quality of life, patients react with alexithymia, which means a difficulty to communicate emotions. In this study we compared 84 infertile men with a group of 96 healthy men ...

INTRODUCTION REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY ANTERIOR PITUITARY TESTES FEEDBACK CONTROL OF GONADOTROPINS PROLACTIN AND GONADOTROPINS ANDROGEN PHYSIOLOGY HORMONAL CONTROL OF SPERMATOGENESIS DIAGNOSING ENDOCRINE ABNORMALITIES: CLINICAL FINDINGS SEMEN ANALYSIS BASELINE HORMONE EVALUATION DYNAMIC HORMONAL TESTING CLASSIFICATION OF ENDOCRINE CAUSES OF INFERTILITY PRIMARY HYPOGONADISM SECONDARY HYPOGONADISM ...

background: azoospermia is the medical condition of a man not having any measurable level of sperm in his semen. follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) is a member of the glycoprotein hormone family that plays an important role in human reproduction because of its essential role in normal spermatogenesis. various single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) have been reported within fsh receptor (fshr) g...

background: globozoospermia is a severe form of teratozoospermia (incidence < 0.1%) in infertile men that is characterized by round headed sperm and acrosomeless in semen. objective: to compare the semen parameters, protamine deficiency, and apoptosis in ejaculated spermatozoa between globozoospermic and normozoospermic men. materials and methods: thirty six semen samples were divided into two ...

background: pentoxifylline (px) is a methyl xanthine derivative that influences the sperm motion characteristics and l-carnitine (l-c) is an amino acid that is naturally produced in the body. in general, separate administration of px and l-c has been reported to be effective on preserving sperm motility in vitro, and also when is consumed orally by the idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (i...

infertility is one of the most stressful conditions amongst married couples. male factor infertility is implicated in almost half of these cases. recent advances in the field of reproductive medicine have focused the attention of many researchers to consider reactive oxygen species (ros) as one of the mediators of infertility causing sperm dysfunction. although, ros is involved in many physiolo...