Hiccups are the sudden involuntary contractions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. They are generally benign and self-limited, however, in some cases they are chronic and debilitating. There are approximately 4000 admissions for hiccups each year in the United States. The hiccup reflex arc is composed of three components: (1) an afferent limb including the phrenic, vagus, and sympathetic...

NO and CO are small gaseous molecules that can be synthesized de novo in neuronal tissue and can diffuse readily through the plasma membrane. NOS inhibitors prevent the induction of LTP in the hippocampus, and studies with NOS knock-out mice and viral overexpression of mutated NOS indicate that the endothelial form of the enzyme is probably responsible for NO production in these neurons. Inhibi...

Chronic stress, even at a young age, has become major health concern with the harmful effects on cognition, mood, and well-being largely underestimated. Mindfulness interventions are well-recognized as effective strategies in stress management. However, we know less about impact of mindfulness physiological indicators such hormones/neurotransmitters. This review study aims to provide representa...

background: dzn (diazinon) is an organophosphate insecticide that had been used in agriculture and for domestic and veterinary use for several years and caused many negative effects on plants and animal species, especially on human. the aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of dzn on mda (malondialdehyde) and gsh (glutathione) levels in female rat reproductive tissue (ovary) and to a...

malondialdehyde (mda) is widely used as a biomarker for assessing oxidative stress in biomedical fields. lipid peroxidation is a chain phenomenon resulting in the formation of various active compounds that result in cellular damage. biomonitoring of mda has been used in both in-vivo and in-vitro studies as a key biomarker for various disease patterns including hypertension, diabetes, atheroscle...

conclusions it is concluded one week oral supplementation of curcumin has positive effects on selected indices of oxidative stress possibly via promotion of antioxidant capacity. results there was a significant increase in tac after supplementation (p < 0.001, es = 1. 42), and immediately after exercise (p = 0. 008, es = 1. 12) in c group compared with the p group. mda-tbars was significantly l...

this study was conducted to assess the effect of ginger supplementation on malondialdehyde (mda) level, as an oxidative stress marker, and total antioxidant capacity (tac) in broiler chicks. two hundred male 1-day-old chicks were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments (basal diet as control group and basal diet containing 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g/kg ginger, respectively), with five replicates a...

the aim of this study was to assess the meat quality attributes of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with silver nanoparticles coated on zeolite. a total of 375 one-day-old broilers was assigned in a completely randomized design to 1 of 5 treatment groups including: basal diet, basal diet supplemented with 1% zeolite, and basal diet supplemented with one of the three levels of zeolite coa...

aloe vera has been used worldwide in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries due to the plethora of biological activities of its constituents. this study was done to evaluate the effects of dietary aloe vera on growth and lipid peroxidation in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). a total number of 480 o. mykiss (mean weight 9.50 ± 0.85 g) were randomized into four experimental groups inclu...