Leptin, an adipocyte-derived cytokine (adipokine), has plethora of physiological roles in the body, particularly onset puberty, reproduction and immune function animal. Leptin binds with leptin receptor (LEPR) activates different intracellular signaling pathways to activate downstream gene expression process execute its functions. The present mini-review focuses on our current understanding abo...

background: lipophosphoglycan 3 (lpg3) is required for the lpg assembly, a well known virulent molecule. in this study, the lpg3 gene of the lizard and mammalian leishmania species were cloned and sequenced. a three-dimensional structure (3d) for the target sequence was also predicted by comparative (homology) modeling. materials and methods: an optimization pcr amplification was performed on g...

Species in the genus Plasmodium cause malaria in humans and infect a variety of mammals and other vertebrates. Currently, estimated ages for several mammalian Plasmodium parasites differ by as much as one order of magnitude, an inaccuracy that frustrates reliable estimation of evolutionary rates of disease-related traits. We developed a novel statistical approach to dating the relative age of e...

Species in the genus Plasmodium cause malaria in humans and infect a variety of mammals and other vertebrates. Currently, estimated ages for several mammalian Plasmodium parasites differ by as much as one order of magnitude, an inaccuracy that frustrates reliable estimation of evolutionary rates of disease-related traits. We developed a novel statistical approach to dating the relative age of e...

Proposals are described for the assignment of recently reported viruses, infecting rodents, bats and other mammalian species, to new species within the Hepacivirus and Pegivirus genera (family Flaviviridae). Assignments into 14 Hepacivirus species (Hepacivirus A-N) and 11 Pegivirus species (Pegivirus A-K) are based on phylogenetic relationships and sequence distances between conserved regions e...

a r t i c l e i n f o It is becoming increasingly important to understand how present diversity patterns compare with past ones, in order to understand the extent of change that present faunas exhibit with respect to past baselines for such parameters as extinction rate and magnitude, ecological structure, and ecosystem function. However, these comparisons have been difficult to quantify becaus...

(2008) Construction of an Indian muntjac BAC library and production of the most highly dense FISH map of the species. Zoological Studies 47(3): xxx-xxx. Following completion of the genome sequences of some mammalian species, comparative genomic studies in mammals have been actively conducted to assess gene changes or to identify syntenic conservation during evolution. The Indian muntjac (Muntia...

The phylogeny and taxonomy of mammalian species were originally based upon shared or derived morphological characteristics. However, genetic analyses have more recently played an increasingly important role in confirming existing or establishing often radically different mammalian groupings and phylogenies. The two most commonly used genetic loci in species identification are the cytochrome oxi...

There are many more selectively constrained noncoding than coding nucleotides in the mammalian genome, but most mammalian noncoding DNA is subject to weak selection, on average. One of the most striking discoveries to have emerged from comparisons among mammalian genomes is the hundreds of noncoding elements of more than 200 bp in length that show absolute conservation among mammalian orders. T...

The repetitive landscapes of mammalian genomes typically display high Class I (retrotransposon) transposable element (TE) content, which usually comprises around half of the genome. In contrast, the Class II (DNA transposon) contribution is typically small (<3% in model mammals). Most mammalian genomes exhibit a precipitous decline in Class II activity beginning roughly 40 Ma. The first signs o...