background and purpose: fluoride is a natural element essential for human nutrition due to its benefits for dental enamel. it is well-documented that standard amounts of fluoride in drinkingwater can decrease the rate of dental caries. this study was conducted with the aim of measuring fluoride concentration of drinking-water supplies and urban distribution system in qom, iran. materials and me...

In this paper, images of realworld natural scenes and manmade structures of different depth are taken. With increase in image depth , roughness increases in case of man-made structures whereas natural scene images become smooth, thus reducing the local roughness of the picture. Such kind of specific arrangement produces a particular spatial pattern of dominant orientations and scales that can b...

A total, 25 different ground-water samples collected in Mundaragi taluk in of Gadag district, Karnataka, India to appraise the distribution of Fluoride. pH groundwater is shown alkaline nature and ranged between 7.18 9.32 with a mean value 8.36. Fluoride content 0.86 4.63 mg/L ground water samples, with minimum (MGK24) maximum (MGK20). 48% of samples indicated fluoride below 1.4 32% indic...

Water is the most essential component for sustaining lives of humans and other living creatures. Supplying potable water with adequate residual pressure is a fundamental responsibility of city administration, which they do during normal conditions. But sometimes, abnormal conditions are formed resulting pressure deficient conditions during the daily operations of water distribution networks. Th...

(1) The author gratefully acknowledges valuable comments from five reviewers, Keith Beven, Jim Hall, Irina Krasovskaia, Edmund Penning-Rowsell, and Bellie Sivakumar. They helped the author to improve and enrich the chapter. (2) The work on this chapter was carried out within the WATCH (Water and Global Change) Integrated Project of the European Union's 6th Framework Programme. Floods are an inc...

Radiation processing involves the use of natural or manmade sources of high energy radiation on an industrial scale. The principle of radiation processing is the ability of high energy radiation to produce reactive cations, anions and free radicals in materials. The industrial applications of the radiation processing of plastics and composites include polymerization, cross-linking, degradation ...

Hydropower accounts for about 16 % of the world’s electricity supply. It has been debated whether hydroelectric generation is merely an in-stream water user or whether it also consumes water. In this paper we provide scientific support for the argument that hydroelectric generation is in most cases a significant water consumer. The study assesses the blue water footprint of hydroelectricity – t...