Abstract We present a new characterization of the position value, one most prominent allocation rules for communication situations (graph-games or games with restricted communication). This includes PL-marginality property, an extension communications classic marginality TU-games, as well component efficiency and balanced link contributions necessary players.

This study reconceptualizes and tests liberation and economic marginality hypotheses as complementary explanations for female offending patterns. Both explanations are relevant in explaining female crime, but need to be reframed as interacting forces not opposing theories. It is suggested that economic marginality is in part a consequence of liberation, where the expectation of women’s independ...

35 where the expectation value is deened by hA(x)i = R dx e ?x 2 p 2 cosh m (p 2x)A(x) R dx e ?x 2 p 2 cosh m (p 2x) : (62) Inserting in (56) this value of we have searched among the 5 values of g the one which gives the maximum free energy when the stability is marginal (i.e. when (56) is saturated). We have found that the eigenvalue g 5 is the one which gives the maximal free energy. This lea...

today, most of the big cities or metropolises around the world have been encountering with the problem of informal habitation. the present study, thus, tries to focus on the role of endogenous development in such type of habitation process. for that matter, the paper takes into account architectural programming and urbanism as its theoretical framework because the endogenous development is rela...

There is increasing consensus that institutional innovations are just as important for development as technological innovations. Polycentric systems are social systems of many autonomous decision centers operating under an overarching set of rules. The rural poor hold positions in polycentric systems, which are marginalized as a result of poverty, exclusion and degraded environments. Horizontal...