The advent of Optimality Theory has revived the interest in articulatorily and perceptually driven markedness in phonological research. To some researchers, the cross-linguistic prevalence of such markedness relations is indication that synchronic phonological grammar should include phonetic details. However, there are at least two distinct ways in which phonetics can be incorporated in an opti...

Commonly used evaluation measures including Recall, Precision, F-Factor and Rand Accuracy are biased and should not be used without clear understanding of the biases, and corresponding identification of chance or base case levels of the statistic. Using these measures a system that performs worse in the objective sense of Informedness, can appear to perform better under any of these commonly us...

Aiming at natural F0 control for conversational speech synthesis, F0 characteristics are analyzed from both generation and perception viewpoints. By systematically designing conversational situations and utterances with adverb phrases expressing different degree of markedness, their F0 characteristics are compared. The comparison shows the consistent F0 control dependencies not only on adverbs ...

This paper highlights the analogy of definiteness and possession by utilising the distinction between semantic and pragmatic as outlined in Löbners (2011) Concept Type and Determination approach. Assuming, on the basis of the features [± unique] and [± relational], a classification into the four logical types sortal, relational, individual, and functional concept, nouns will be used either in c...

In this paper I argue that vowel reharmonization anomalies in Tuvan (Harrison 2000) and Finnish (Vago 1988) are best analyzed as cases of “the preservation of the marked,” in the sense of de Lacy (2002). This analysis is more tightly constrained and more explanatory than the underspecification analysis proposed by Harrison (2000) and Harrison and Kaun (2000), and provides support from a new dom...

the changing of round and back vowel /u/ to unround and front vowel [i] occurs in lori dialects as well as some other persian dialects. this vowel change includes both unrounding and fronting. this paper aimed at coming up with an inclusive ranking of constraints to explain occurrence and nonoccurrence of this vowel change in various phonological environments in silahkori dialect within optimal...

Historically, grammarians have viewed tenses as simple, unanalysable pieces of grammatical information. Portmanteau may combine tense, aspect, and modality, but these are the main categories. Suzanne Fleischman has proposed a radically new paradigm in which not only verbal forms entire discourse contexts analysed clusters oppositional properties to markedness values apply. It is interaction clu...

Markedness is a theory that was developed on the basis of segmental patterns observed in speech output and has primarily been addressed regard to production previous studies. According Theory, marked segments are more difficult produce due an additional property or “mark” which requires articulatory effort. However, its effects perception not discussed literature. This study examines role marke...