Abstract The health and productivity of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) is currently threatened by Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD), a pest complex comprised an insect vector, the twig beetle (WTB) (Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), associated pathogenic fungi (Geosmithia morbida Kolařík, Freeland, Utley, Tisserat) (Hypocreales: Bionectriaceae). There urgent need for ...

Several leaf spotting or blotching fungal diseases occur on forest trees in Guilan province (N Iran). Some of them such as maple tar spot affect health of host trees severely, but many are of minor effect. This study was carried out to identify unknown and less known fungi causing leaf spot and leaf blotch diseases on broad leaf trees in this region. So far numerous fungi were collected. Four s...

BACKGROUND Understanding host-pathogen interaction mechanisms helps to elucidate the entire infection process and focus on important events, and it is a promising approach for improvement of disease control and selection of treatment strategy. Time-course host-pathogen transcriptome analyses and network inference have been applied to unravel the direct or indirect relationships of gene expressi...

Since 2001, widespread mortality of black walnut (Juglans nigra) has been reported in Colorado, USA. Affected trees initially show a yellowing and thinning of leaves in the upper crown, followed by twig and branch dieback and ultimately tree death. We report that this mortality is the result of a combination of an expanded geographic range of the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis), it...

Parkinson is a slowly progressive brain disease of neurodegenerative nature. It manifested by lack dopamine in the brain. This neurological usually seen over age 60. has major symptoms such as resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and posterior reflex disorder. In studies conducted, cause neural degeneration not fully explained, but it agreed that hereditary predisposition, environmental toxin...