Lichens produce a plethora of primary and secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites have several biological functions that can be used for human health. Recent studies described their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimycotic, antibiotic/antiviral activities. However, attention has mainly been focused on antiproliferative, cytotoxic, anticancer effects. Because there are many publications ...

Ten metabolites of cyclosporine were isolate from the ethyl ether extract of bile from four liver transplant patients receiving cyclosporine. Two of the metabolites were unique and previously unidentified. Liquid-liquid partitioning into diethyl ether with subsequent defatting with n-hexane was used for the initial extraction from bile. Separation of the individual metabolites (A-J) was perform...

Metabolites are essential intermediate products in metabolism, and metabolism dysregulation indicates different types of diseases. Previous studies have shown that cigarette smoke dysregulated metabolites; however, limited information is available with electronic (e-cig) vaping. We hypothesized e-cig vaping smoking alters systemic metabolites, we propose to understand the specific metabolic sig...