introduction: bleaching process can affect surface roughness of enamel, which is a vital factor in esthetic and resistance of tooth. the aim of this study was to compare surface roughness of enamel in teeth bleached using diode and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (nd: yag) lasers with those bleached using conventional method. methods: in this study, 75 anterior human teeth from upper a...

Using a discourse analytic qualitative approach, we investigated the naturally-occurring discourse that arose as part of two kinds of regular course activities, synchronous and asynchronous computer-mediated discussions. The messages contributed by members of a graduate course were analyzed for the kind of discourse functions and the kind of politeness strategies they displayed. Results indicat...

Recent advances in the fabrication of microflow devices using micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology are described. Passive and active liquid flow control and particle-handling methods in micrometer-scale channels are reviewed. These methods are useful in micro total analysis systems (μTAS) and laboratory-on-a-chip systems. Multiple flow control systems (i.e., arrayed microvalves) fo...

This paper shows firm level micro analysis of information network use and its impact on firm’s productivity. New evidences on economic impacts of IT by type of its application are provided, based on METI’s firm level data of Japanese manufacturers and distributors. It is found that productivity impact of information network use is different, depending on application of network. In addition, due...

This paper presents the development of a standard classification and coding system for micro-scale assembled devices that can link micro-assembly concepts and technologies to the attributes of the assembly components and their interrelationships that define the assembled device/product. The proposed system is based on an n-digit coding of both individual parts as well as the assembly. The codin...

1 The author would like to thank Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies for their generous support in the production of this paper, as well as the team at the Micro-Finance Regulatory Council for their time and generosity with respect to the provision of the data. All views expressed in the document are those of the author exclusively, and any errors committed remain the sole responsibility of ...

The dynamics of learning in the Active Avoidance test was analyzed at the trials level as well as at the level of daily sessions, each comprising numerous trials. The two scales (large scale for the sessions and small scale for the trials) were demonstrated to be mutually independent. The intermediate derived scales (blocks of trials) were found consistent among themselves and with small scale ...

The attitude of the medical practitioner to pliysiolog} is necessarily utilitarian and his familiarity with the various branches of the subject varies with their usefulness, not, as a cynic would suggest, with their simplicity. It is not surprising, therefore, that electrophysiology, though attracting great academic attention, is the least familiar of laboratory studies, for until recently the ...