Accurate loss reserves are essential for insurers to maintain adequate capital and to efficiently price their insurance products. Loss reserving for Property & Casualty insurance is usually based on macro-level models with aggregate data in a run-off triangle. The macro-level models may generate material errors in the reserve estimates when assumptions underlying the estimates evolve over time ...

Polymer crystallization in manufacturing is a process where quiescent crystallization and flow-induced crystallization coexists, and heat/mass transfer on a macroscopic level interacts with crystal morphology evolution on a microscopic level. Previous numerical studies on polymer crystallization are mostly concentrated at a single scale; they only calculate macroscale parameters, e.g., temperat...

abstract background and aim: one of the major problems with resin composite restorations is the weakness of bonding between the new and aged composites. since appropriate micromechanical retention is necessary for the repair of aged resin composite restorations, the level of surface roughness after sandblasting can be influential in this regard. considering the diverse composition of available ...

Abstract Background and Aim: One of the major problems with resin composite restorations is the weakness of bonding between the new and aged composites. Since appropriate micromechanical retention is necessary for the repair of aged resin composite restorations, the level of surface roughness after sandblasting can be influential in this regard. Considering the diverse composition of avail...

an understanding of patient mobility, international patients and medical tourism includes supply and demand side considerations. as well as micro-level reports of motivation and satisfaction we must acknowledge broader system-level dynamics. exploring these may unearth more complex geographies of patient travel.

Chemistry knowledge can be represented at macro-, microand symbolic levels, and learning a chemistry topic requires students to engage in multiple representational activities. This study focused on scaffolding for inter-level connection-making in learning chemistry knowledge with graphical simulations. We also tested whether different sequences of representational activities produced different ...

The overall goal of this study was to assess the mechanistic fidelity of continuum-level finite element models of the vertebral body, which represent a promising tool for understanding and predicting clinical fracture risk. Two finite element (FE) models were generated from micro-CT scans of each of 13 T9 vertebral bodies--a micro-FE model at 60-micron resolution and a coarsened, continuum-leve...