Insight into the pathways that regulate pruning, as well specific signals guide microglia to engulf synapses, will be crucial for identifying potential therapeutic targets against cognitive decline—Bartels et al.1

platelet aggregation beta amyloid main causes inflammation of neurons in alzheimer’s disease. in fact, creating this inflammation due to inappropriate actions in blood brain barrier (bbb) and astrocyte and microglia during the last century that studies conducted in this case nothing has been found. the only thing that can be done to prevent and reduce pro-inflammatory factors such as cytokines ...

the exact developmental origin of microglia is still under debate. in the present study we investigated which heamatopoietic tissues and which features of the organotypic brain slice culture promoted microglia ramification. the potential of cells derived from embryonic yolk sac, embryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros and adult blood monocytes was examined. these tissues were co-cultured with brain s...

Neurons have inherent competence to regrow following injury, although not spontaneously. Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces a pronounced neuroinflammation driven by resident microglia and infiltrating peripheral macrophages. Microglia are the first reactive glial population after SCI and participate in recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages to the lesion site. Both positive and negative infl...

Microglial cells (or microglia) are the mononuclear phagocytes residing in the central nervous system (CNS). In homeostasis, they showed ramified morphology with relative small cell bodies and long processes (Figure 1A). They detect injury signals in the CNS and get activated. In the brain they undergo different stages of activation, which can be classified according to the morphological and im...

Diets rich in saturated fat produce inflammation, gliosis, and neuronal stress in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). Here, we show that microglia mediate this process and its functional impact. Although microglia and astrocytes accumulate in the MBH of mice fed a diet rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), only the microglia undergo inflammatory activation, along with a buildup of hypothalamic S...

Microglia are the resident phagocytic cells of the central nervous system. During brain development they are also imperative for apoptosis of excessive neurons, synaptic pruning, phagocytosis of debris and maintaining brain homeostasis. Brain damage results in a fast and dynamic microglia reaction, which can influence the extent and distribution of subsequent neuronal dysfunction. As a conseque...

The transfer of antigens from oligodendrocytes to immune cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Here, we show that oligodendrocytes secrete small membrane vesicles called exosomes, which are specifically and efficiently taken up by microglia both in vitro and in vivo. Internalisation of exosomes occurs by a macropinocytotic mechanism without inducing a concomitant...

Microglia are the mononuclear phagocytes with various functions in the central nervous system, and the morphologies of microglia imply the different stages and functions. In optical nerve transection model of the retina, the retrograde degeneration of retinal ganglion cells induces microglial activations to a unique morphology termed rod microglia. A few studies described the rod microglia in t...

Microglia are increasingly implicated in brain pathology, particularly neurodegenerative disease, with many genes implicated in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and motor neuron disease expressed in microglia. There is, therefore, a need for authentic, efficient in vitro models to study human microglial pathological mechanisms. Microglia originate from the yolk sac as MYB-independent macrophages, migr...