Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a mental condition, present from early childhood, characterized by great difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with others and using language. In the last four decades many studies have shown that immune responses in different regions of brain play an important role in ASD pathogenicity. A conservative estimate based on the research suggests tha...

Neurodegenerative diseases contain Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), are characterized by neuronal death and neuronal degeneration in specific regions of the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia are the basic immune brain cells and play a role in homeostasis after inflammation challenge. Microglia involves in Neurodegenerative disease...

spinal cord injury (sci) is a trauma that disturbs motor, sensitive and autonomic function and directly impacts the quality of life. after physical damage, releasing of pro-inflammatory proteins and cytokines occurs and with collaboration of immune system cells, an immune response begins in the brain tissue. the result of neuroinflammation is edema, apoptosis and release of axonal growth inhibi...

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a trauma that disturbs motor, sensitive and autonomic function and directly impacts the quality of life. After physical damage, releasing of pro-inflammatory proteins and cytokines occurs and with collaboration of immune system cells, an immune response begins in the brain tissue. The result of neuroinflammation is edema, apoptosis and release of axonal growth inhibi...

Microglial cells are monocytic lineage cells that reside in the CNS and have the capacity to become activated during various pathological conditions. Although it was demonstrated that activation of microglial cells could be achieved in vitro by the engagement of CD40-CD40L interactions in combination with proinflammatory cytokines, the exact factors that mediate activation of microglial cells i...

We have used single- and double-labeling immunfluorescence and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods to examine expression of P2X receptor subtypes on microglial cells of brain in late embryonic and postnatal rat, in the N9 microglial cell line and primary cultured microglial cells. P2X1, P2X4, and P2X7 receptors were shown on microglial cells from late embryonic day ...

introduction: neuropathic pain may be due to a primary insult to the peripheral or central nervous system. in this situation, hyperalgesia and allodynia are the results of prostaglandins and cytokines release in the spinal cord. it seems that immune cells play an importat role in the induction and maintenance of chronic pain. compared to selective coxii inhibitors, nimesulide, a highly selectiv...

Ameboid microglial cells migrate tangentially on the vitreal part of quail embryo retinas by crawling on Müller cell end-feet (MCEF) to which they adhere. These microglial cells can be cultured immediately after dissection of the eye and isolation of sheets containing the inner limiting membrane (ILM) covered by a carpet of MCEF (ILM/MCEF sheets), to which the cells remain adhered. Morphologica...

.....................................................................................................................VII LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... XVII LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ XXIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.......

To determine whether pathogenic Acanthamoeba culbertsoni trophozoites and lysate can induce cytopathic changes in primary-culture microglial cells, morphological changes were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the secretion of two kinds of cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), from microglial cells was observed. Tropho...