Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (iprgcs) are depolarized by light by two mechanisms: directly, through activation of their photopigment melanopsin; and indirectly through synaptic circuits driven by rods and cones. To learn more about the rod and cone circuits driving ipRGCs, we made multielectrode array (MEA) and patch-clamp recordings in wildtype and genetically modified m...

Surgical techniques There are three major unique points in our technique. 1) Pedicle screws (PS) were inserted when preoperative evaluation revealed that pedicles weren’t too narrow for screw placement. Uniplanar or reduction screws were used at the apical concave side for ease in locking rod of concave side. We tended to use high density PS on the convex side. 2) After the PS was positioned, a...

This work considers the motion planning for a rodshaped robot in a three-dimensional space. Our approach is to construct a roadmap in the configuration space of the rod and use it to navigate and map unknown spaces. Previously, we defined the rod-HGVG, which is a roadmap for a rod-shaped robot operating in a three-dimensional space. However, the rodHGVG is only guaranteed to be connected if the...

Agents which elevate cyclic AMP (cAMP) cause teleost retinal rods to contract. We have characterized this cAMP effect and have evaluated the role of the cytoskeleton in cyclic nucleotide-induced contraction, using actin and microtubule inhibitors. The necklike myoid region of the rod contracts in the dark and elongates in the light. If long, light-adapted rods are cultured with cAMP analogs and...

Activation of rod photoreceptors by light induces a massive redistribution of the heterotrimeric G-protein transducin. In darkness, transducin is sequestered within the membrane-enriched outer segments of the rod cell. In light, it disperses throughout the entire neuron. We show here that redistribution of rod transducin by light requires activation, but it does not require ATP. This observatio...

Sensor-based planning for rod-shaped robots is necessary for the realistic deployment of noncircularly symmetric robots into unknown environments. Whereas circularly symmetric robots have two-dimensional Euclidean configuration spaces, planar rod robots posses three degrees-of-freedom, two for position and one for orientation, and hence have a three-dimensional configuration space, (2). In this...

Green, blue and short-wavelength-red rod hue biases are strongest and most reliable with large, dimly-mesopic, extra-foveal stimuli but tend to diminish when stimuli are confined to a small area of the central fovea. This study explores how the stimulation of foveal and extra-foveal areas interact in determining rod hue biases, and whether large stimuli are as effective for revealing rod hue bi...

This study investigates how rod and cone inputs are combined in the magnocellular (MC) pathway in the mesopic luminance range, when both rods and cones are active. Responses of parafoveal MC ganglion cells from macaque retina were measured as a function of temporal frequency (0.62-20 Hz) or contrast (0.05-0.55) at mesopic light levels (0.2, 2, 20, and 200 td). Stimuli were of three modulation t...

Demembranated flagella from Euglena gracilis consisted of three distinct components: a 9 + 2 axoneme of microtubules, an extensive surface coating of long and short mastigonemes and a lattice-like axial fibre known as the paraflagellar rod. Negatively stained preparations of isolated paraflagellar rods showed the major structural unit to be a 22 nm filament oriented at approximately 45 degrees ...

OPs in the dark-adapted eye is similar to the scotopic luminosity function. In addition, his results show some of the features of the present study—particularly the large variation in the latency of rod-generated responses as a function of flash intensity and some of the changes in waveform of responses to orange flashes as intensity is reduced. The spectral sensitivity measurements of Wachtmei...