Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the two most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases. The near-infrared nadir spectra of reflected solar radiation measured by SCIAMACHY on-board ENVISAT contain information on the vertical columns of these gases which we retrieve using a new version of the scientific algorithm WFM-DOAS (version 1.0). Our main data products are column-averaged dry air...

We report an experimental study of the influences of the fixed charge and bulk ionic concentrations on the conduction of biological ion channels, and we consider the results within the framework of the ionic Coulomb blockade model of permeation and selectivity. Voltage clamp recordings were used to investigate the Na/Ca anomalous mole fraction effect (AMFE) exhibited by the bacterial sodium cha...

1) Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 2) Hyytiälä Forestry Field Station, Hyytiäläntie 124, FI-35500 Korkeakoski, Finland 3) Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland 4) Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Orme des Merisiers Bât. 701, FR-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France 5) Max-Planc...

We use an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), together with the GEOS-Chem chemistry transport model, to estimate regional monthly methane (CH4) fluxes for the period June 2009–December 2010 using proxy dry-air columnaveraged mole fractions of methane (XCH4) from GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite) and/or NOAA ESRL (Earth System Research Laboratory) and CSIRO GASLAB (Global Atmospheric Sampl...

The anomalous mole fraction effect (AMFE) is an important indicator of ion-ion interactions in the pore of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs). The residues at position 1144 that differ in several classes of VGCCs are important to the permeation of the pore. Phe-1144 (F, CaV1) was substituted with glycine (G, CaV2) and lysine (K, CaV3) and the effects of mutation on the voltage and concentratio...

An experimental procedure was developed to characterize the solubility of the soybean protein fractions close to the isoelectric point. The results show that the 7S fraction is precipitated in a much narrower range of pH values than the 11S fraction. Surprisingly, the addition of salt to the solutions leads to increased solubility of proteins, unlike the common "salting out" effect generally ex...

Observations of atmospheric CO2 mole fraction and the 13C / 12C ratio (expressed as δ13C) in urban airsheds provide constraints on the roles of anthropogenic and natural sources and sinks in local and regional carbon cycles. In this study, we report observations of these quantities in Nanjing at hourly intervals from March 2013 to August 2015, using a laser-based optical instrument. Nanjing is ...

Point defect concentrations in milled samples of stoichiometric FeAl were obtained by Mšssbauer measurements. Mšssbauer spectra consisted of a single absorption dip with broadening attributed to unresolved hyperfine interactions. A local environment model was used to analyze spectra that allowed for defect-induced changes in monopole interactions at Fe probe atoms due to elementary defects in t...

It has been the purpose of the present paper to investigate and explore the conditions under which the linear relation between Delta/C(D) (0) and Delta in the Hanna-Ashbaugh-Foster-Fyfe equation for the evaluation of equilibrium constants holds, (C(D) (0) is initial concentration of a donor and Delta is the observed chemical shift relative to the chemical shift of the acceptor) to obtain the eq...

Direct, on-line mass spectrometric analyses were performed on volatiles released from microscopic fluid inclusions in quartz, feldspar, and tourmaline from the miarolitic Belo Horizonte #1 pegmatite in the San Jacinto district, and Himalaya pegmatite dike system in the Mesa Grande district of southern California. These analyses are the first inclusion volatile studies to indicate the presence o...