Differences in fear level assessment based on the time of motionless in the illuminated compartment, time spent in light compartment, number of head dipping from dark to the illuminated compartment and number of returns from dark to the illuminated compartment registered in light/dark transitions test and brain monoamines (NA, DA, 5-HT) and their metabolites (MHPG, DOPAC, 5-HIAA) in the hypotha...

Monoamine neurotransmitters play major roles in regulating a range of brain functions in adults and increasing evidence suggests roles for monoamines in brain development. Here we show that mice lacking the monoamine metabolic enzymes MAO A and MAO B (MAO AB-deficient mice) exhibit diminished proliferation of neural stem cells (NSC) in the developing telencephalon beginning in late gestation [e...

Some evolutionary researchers have argued that current diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) may not accurately distinguish true instances of disorder from a normal, adaptive stress response. According to disorder advocates, neurochemicals like the monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) are dysregulated in major depression. Monoamines are normall...

OBJECTIVE The role of the thyroid gland in primary depressive disorder is unclear. Although there is evidence that patients with subtle underlying defects in thyroid function may be more prone to developing depressive disease, the specific abnormality in thyroid function associated with depressive disorders remains poorly understood. In this review, we outline the major findings concerning depr...

Regional brain concentration of monoamines (NA, DA and 5-HT) and their metabolites (MHPG, DOPAC, HVA and 5-HIAA) were measured in dominant and submissive cats in a predatory competition test and in predatory behaviour of single cats. A submissive position in predatory hierarchy produced an increase in concentration of NA in the hypothalamus, a decrease of DA, 5-HT, MHPG and MHPG/NA ratio in the...

ABSTRACT: The dendrites of motoneurons are not, as once thought, passive conduits for synaptic inputs. Instead they have voltage-dependent channels that provide the capacity to generate a very strong persistent inward current (PIC). The amplitude of the PIC is proportional to the level of neuromodulatory input from the brainstem, which is mediated primarily by the monoamines serotonin and norep...

There is a growing body of evidence supporting the hypothesis that neurosecretory cells control the release of their own products by the same general mechanisms which operate in other neurones. They integrate inhibitory and excitatory synaptic input, propagate action potentials along their axons, and they release their products as a result of depolarization of their terminals by a calcium-depen...

[This corrects the article on p. 413 in vol. 5, PMID: 22615537.].

BACKGROUND Two primary categories of nutritional deficiency exist. An absolute nutritional deficiency occurs when nutrient intake is not sufficient to meet the normal needs of the system, and a relative nutritional deficiency exists when nutrient intake and systemic levels of nutrients are normal, while a change occurs in the system that induces a nutrient intake requirement that cannot be supp...

INTRODUCTION SEP-432 is a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor of norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and dopamine (DA), based on in vitro binding studies. We sought evidence that SEP-432 engages these monoamine systems by measuring concentrations of monoamines and/or their main metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma and comparing results to duloxetine, a dual reuptake inhibitor ...