Morphine is an opiate alkaloid characterized by various clinical effects, among which the most prominent are its analgesic and psychoactive effects. It also has a depressive effect on respiratory cardiovascular system. Because of effect, morphine very addictive often used as recreational narcotic. As medication, it found use agent in chronic pain treatment, hemorrhagic shock, acute heart failur...

Purpose Access to opioids for pain control is recognized as an urgent issue in low- and middle-income countries. Here we report temporal and regional trends in morphine use in Kerala, India. Methods Oral morphine use data for the State of Kerala (2012 to 2015) was used to describe temporal trends, regional variation, and provider characteristics. Total morphine use was calculated for each distr...

Occurrence of macrophage apoptosis has been implicated for the altered immune function found in an opiate milieu. In the present study, we evaluated the role of oxidative stress in morphine-induced macrophage apoptosis. Morphine promoted the apoptosis of macrophages. This effect of morphine was associated with the production of superoxide and nitric oxide (NO). Antioxidants provided protection ...

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of chronic and acute treatment of the essential oil (EO) of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. on the development of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice. Mice were rendered tolerant to and dependent on morphine by subcutaneous injection of morphine over a period of 5 days. Tolerance was assessed using the tail-pinch test and withdrawal sig...

In morphine tolerance a key question that remains to be answered is whether mu-opioid receptor (MOPr) desensitization contributes to morphine tolerance, and if so by what cellular mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that MOPr desensitization can be observed in single rat brainstem locus coeruleus (LC) neurons following either prolonged (> 4 h) exposure to morphine in vitro or following treatment of...

Chronic morphine treatment and naloxone precipitated morphine withdrawal activates stress-related brain circuit and results in significant changes in food intake, body weight gain and energy metabolism. The present study aimed to reveal hypothalamic mechanisms underlying these effects. Adult male rats were made dependent on morphine by subcutaneous implantation of constant release drug pellets....

OBJECTIVE To shed light on nebulized morphine, a new treatment for dyspnea in children with terminal lung disease. METHODS A clinical case study was conducted on a patient in a tertiary care medical center. RESULTS Nebulized morphine was administered in incremental doses ranging from 2.5 mg to 12.5 mg in a 10-year-old, 20-kg boy with end-stage cystic fibrosis. Before the nebulized morphine ...

BACKGROUND The AERx Pain Management System (Aradigm Corporation, Hayward, CA) is a novel pulmonary delivery system for the systemic administration of morphine. The authors compared the relative analgesic efficacy and safety of the AERx Pain Management System with those of placebo and intravenous morphine in an orthopedic postsurgical pain model. METHODS Eighty-nine male and female PS-1 to PS-...

BACKGROUND Repeated morphine treatment has been shown to induce transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) expression in the spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and sciatic nerve of a rat model. Increased TRPV1 expression may therefore play a role in morphine tolerance. In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that blockage of TRPV1 may be useful as an adjunctive pain manageme...

INTRODUCTION Morphine is the most effective pain-relieving drug, but it can cause unwanted side effects. Direct neuraxial administration of morphine to spinal cord not only can provide effective, reliable pain relief but also can prevent the development of supraspinal side effects. However, repeated neuraxial administration of morphine may still lead to morphine tolerance. METHODS To better u...