Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased the use of online tools in conduct multilateral environmental negotiations. Although scholars have recognized that information and communication technologies gradually been reshaping traditional diplomatic practice, such are not considered to be transformative practice itself. However, owing states had rush into unprecedented unpredicta...

Abstract The 1990s saw a systemic shift from the liberal post–World War II international order of multilateralism (LIO I) to post–Cold postnational liberalism II). LIO has not been only rule-based but openly pursued social purpose with significant amount authority beyond nation-state. While institutions helped increase overall well-being globally, they were criticized for using double standards...

Along with the dynamic transformations associated failure of multilateralism, changes in global demand patterns, return to protectionism and integration emerging economies into markets, trade is undergoing related search for greater economic efficiency through use value chains. These trends have an impact on both production specialization, different types skills, thus enabling profits, but also...

Abstract This article examines how the Franco regime influenced transatlantic relations in 1975. The imminent death of General Francisco Franco, seen as part transnational Southern Flank crisis, represented an intellectual challenge for West. As such, it forced US and Western European policymakers to test their divergent understandings détente. Yet this new divide did not strain relations. Happ...