We are investigating the use of signals analysis methods for near real-time anomaly and intrusion detection. Recently, methods such as wavelet analysis [1], and principle component analysis [2-4] have been applied to network measurement data as a means for automatically detecting anomalies in networks. Anomalies have included both local events such as flash crowds, as well as global events such...

In the study of examination results much interest centres on comparisons of curriculum subjects entered and the correlation between these at individual and institution level based on data where not every individual takes all subjects. Such `missing' data are not missing at random because individuals deliberately select subjects that they wish to study according to criteria that will be associat...