Applications of antibody-drug conjugates are rapidly growing, however, arduous fabrication antibodies and impairment highly potent drugs by covalent fixation to the protein is urging for alternatives these conventional strategies. Here, we demonstrate a procedure on genetically engineered single domain antibodies, so-called nanobodies, their site-specific reversible bioconjugation using self-im...

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate many physiological processes by transducing a variety of extracellular cues into intracellular responses. Ligand binding to an extracellular orthosteric pocket propagates conformational change to the receptor cytosolic region to promote binding and activation of downstream signalling effectors such as G proteins and β-arrestins. It is well known that...

UNLABELLED Human noroviruses are icosahedral single-stranded RNA viruses. The capsid protein is divided into shell (S) and protruding (P) domains, which are connected by a flexible hinge region. There are numerous genetically and antigenically distinct noroviruses, and the dominant strains evolve every other year. Vaccine and antiviral development is hampered by the difficulties in growing huma...

Breast cancer (BC) is a major public health problem among women throughout the world. More than 1.1 million cases are diagnosed annually and more than 410,000 patients die of it worldwide (Ferlay et al., 2010). BC is a complex and intrinsically heterogeneous disease with different morphologies, molecular profiles and clinical behavior which require different treatments (Bosch et al., 2010). Can...

Since their discovery, single-domain antigen-binding fragments of camelid-derived heavy-chain-only antibodies, also known as nanobodies (Nbs), have proven to be of outstanding interest as therapeutics against human diseases and pathogens including viruses, but their use against phytopathogens remains limited. Many plant viruses including Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), a nematode-transmitted ic...