Intranasal vaccination is particularly a striking route for mucosal immunization, due to the ease of administration and the induction of both mucosal and humoral immunity. However, soluble antigens (Ag) are not sufficiently taken up after the nasal administration and need to be co-administered with adjuvants, penetration enhancers or encapsulated in particles. So, in this study, tetanus toxoid ...

Nasal administration of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion (NE) adjuvant W805EC produces potent systemic and mucosal, Th-1- and Th-17-balanced cellular responses. However, its molecular mechanism of action has not been fully characterized and is of particular interest because NE does not contain specific ligands for innate immune receptors. In these studies, we demonstrate that W805EC NE adjuvant act...

Shigella spp. are among the enteric pathogens with the highest attributable incidence of moderate-to-severe diarrhea in children under 5 years of age living in endemic areas. There are no vaccines available to prevent this disease. In this work, we investigated a new Shigella vaccine concept consisting of nonliving, self-adjuvanted, Lactococcus lactis bacterium-like particles (BLP) displaying S...

BACKGROUND Infections with community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) are emerging worldwide. We investigated an outbreak of severe CA-MRSA infections in children following out-patient vaccination. METHODS AND FINDINGS We carried out a field investigation after adverse events following immunization (AEFI) were reported. We reviewed the clinical data from all case...

INTRODUCTION Day care center attendance is a risk factor for acquiring respiratory tract infections. There are preventive measures which should be applied. OBJECTIVES To describe the availability of adequate supplies or building facilities, staff habits, behaviors and training, and the existence and enforcement of official guidelines or institutional standards regarding the prevention of resp...

AIM To explore the synergistic effect of MBP 68-86 and 87-99, on the inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rat by nasal administration. METHODS Three different MBP peptides(MBP 68-86, 87-99, and the non-encephalitogenic peptide 110-128) were synthesized and administrated nasally to Lewis rat on day-11, -10, -9, -8 and -7 prior to immunization with the guinea p...

for many years, it was thought that nasal polyps are small tumors of the nasal or sinus mucosa. however, it is now believed that nasal polyps are formed as a result of frequent local swelling of nasal or sinus mucosa, which enlarge by increasing sub-mucosal edema and then expose to the air pipe and cause some symptoms. however, the main cause of polyp formation is not exactly understood. the pr...