We show that searching the k-change neighborhood is W[1]-hard for metric TSP, which means that finding the best tour in the k-change neighborhood essentially requires complete search (modulo some complexitytheoretic assumptions).

OBJECTIVES This study examines whether the effects of neighborhood disorder on changes in levels of depression differ between the married and nonmarried, and whether these differences are because the married are less likely to experience a decrease in mastery due to neighborhood disorder. METHODS Data are derived from a longitudinal study of adults aged 65 and older in the Washington, DC, met...

BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that neighborhood social capital is associated with children's mental health. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between neighborhood collective efficacy and children's psychosocial development. METHODS We used data on children and their parents (n = 918) who were part of the Japanese study of Stratification, Health, Income, and Neighb...

OBJECTIVES This study examines associations between urban neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics and change over time in late-life depressive symptoms. METHODS Survey data are from three waves (1993, 1995, and 1998) of the Study of Assets and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old, a U.S. national probability sample of noninstitutionalized persons aged 70 years or older in 1993. Neighbor...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between body mass index and neighborhood walkability, socioeconomic status (SES), reasons for choosing neighborhoods, physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake, and demographic variables. METHODS Two studies, one longitudinal and one cross-sectional, were conducted. Participants included adults (n = 572) who provided com...