Clausal izyooni ‘than’-comparatives in Japanese allow izyooni ‘than’-clauses with their degree positons filled. I consider them a degree version of Internally Headed Relative Clauses (IHRCs). In this preliminary study, I adopt Gross and Landman’s (2012) Choose Role analysis of IHRCs in Japanese and propose a similar functional category Choose Degree, which “re-opens” a degree variable position ...

In SATPLAN [4] a valid plan is encoded as a satisfying assignment of a set of propositional clauses. Unfortunately, the number of clauses is often impractically large. Even using clever, but arguably unnatural, encodings [3] can still give too many clauses. The origin of the size difficulty is simple. Planning encodings are naturally written in terms of universally quantified “lifted” clauses s...

Plotkin’s style of Structural Operational Semantics (SOS) has become a de facto standard in giving operational semantics to formalisms and process calculi. In many such formalisms and calculi, the concepts of names, variables and binders are essential ingredients. In this paper, we propose a formal framework for dealing with names in SOS. The framework is based on the Nominal Logic of Gabbay an...

ASYMMETRY There exists a cross-linguistic asymmetry in availability of discourse items among adjunct clauses between because-clauses on one hand, and temporal clauses and if -clauses on the other (see examples (1) for English obviously , (2) for German ja and (3) for Japanese wa; see Hooper and Thompson 1973, Tenny 2002, Sawada and Larson 2004 among others for the same type of asymmetry with ot...

We consider the problem of Quantifier Elimination (QE): given a Boolean CNF formula F where some variables are existentially quantified, find a logically equivalent quantifier-free CNF formula. This problem can be solved by finding a set of clauses containing only free variables such that adding this set of clauses to F makes all of the clauses of F containing quantified variables redundant. To...

This paper argues that the word order of adverbials can be captured only when the causal clauses are analyzed as focus. Previous studies on Chinese causal sentences usually treat the causal clauses on a par with other types of adverbial clauses. This means that they are considered as topics and predicted to precede the main clauses. However, this account does not hold for the causal clauses. Ac...

This research aims to analyze the adjective and adverbial clauses in “The Secret Garden” by Frances Hodgson Burnett. The method used this is a content analysis which describes clause novel. Data are obtained, analyzed, described based on sentences relative pronoun's shows highest percentage of 130 or 86%, while adverbs show 22 14%. pronouns caused complex sentences, mostly describing someone th...

Counsel for a manufacturer of medical devices or durable medical equipment must have working knowledge of various legal disciplines to draft contracts with intermediaries (sales representatives and distributors) for the marketing and sale of the manufacturer's products. If the manufacturer wishes to sell its products abroad, counsel must become familiar with the laws and business practices of t...

MAXSAT solutions, i.e., near-satisfying assignments for propositional formulas, are sometimes meaningless for real-world problems because such formulas include “mandatory clauses” that must be all satisfied for the solution to be reasonable. In this paper, we introduce Partial MAXSAT and investigate how to solve it using local search algorithms. An instance of Partial MAXSAT consists of two for...