Energy is a significant cost in the economics of desalinating waters, but water scarcity is driving the rapid expansion in global installed capacity of desalination facilities. Conventional fossil fuels have been utilized as their main energy source, but recent concerns over greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have promoted global development and implementation of energy minimization strategies and ...

The risks imminent to younger technologies and markets may hinder renewable energy firms’ access financing. This could curtail the investment needed for transformation of global sector. However, comprehensive analyses cost debt non-renewable firms are lacking. Here, we empirically analyse differences between costs developing producing firms. We use micro-level data on individual loans matched f...

Shortfall of electrical energy in Pakistan is a challenge adversely affecting its industrial output and social growth. As elsewhere, Pakistan derives its electrical energy from a number of conventional sources. The exhaustion of petroleum and conventional resources, the rising costs coupled with extremely adverse climatic effects are taking its toll especially on the under-developed countries l...

Recent forecasts suggest that African countries must triple their current electricity generation by 2030. Our multicriteria assessment of wind and solar potential for large regions of Africa shows how economically competitive and low-environmental-impact renewable resources can significantly contribute to meeting this demand. We created the Multicriteria Analysis for Planning Renewable Energy (...

Attenuation of the world's reserves of conventional and nonrenewable energy has affected the industrial scene of the developing countries in a big way and stimulated the hunt for renewable and unconventional energy sources. In addition, treatment and disposal of huge tonnages of municipal solid waste ( MSW ) generated from the cities ( as a result of rapid urbanisation ) has emerged as a new en...