The relation between the climate regulation and the multilateral trade regime is a rising issue in the field of international governance. This article presents the options available to OPEC economies related to this. It analyses the option of introducing a carbon tax or border adjustment measures in the core of the WTO regime. It demonstrates that this option is not sustainable for both institu...

The relevance of this study lies in the fact that modern oil market is characterized by instability and high competition. Depletion fields, deterioration equipment for production, price volatility political conflicts negatively affect Russia’s position global energy market. New economic conditions 2021 are associated with a decrease demand products, import dependence, conservation wells to comp...

This Joint Report does not necessarily express the positions of the member countries of IEA, OECD and the World Bank, and those of OPEC and of the Governments it represents. IEA, OPEC, OECD, and the World Bank assume no liability or responsibility whatsoever for the use of the data or analyses contained in this Joint Report and nothing in this Joint Report shall be construed as interpreting or ...

This thesis has as main aims: • analyzing the effects of nonlinearities and stochasticity on price dynamics of assets, in general, • modeling the price dynamics of oil, as a special commodity, • determining option prices and optimal hedging strategies for commodities like oil. In many economic and financial processes mathematical modeling leads to nonlinear and stochastic dynamical systems. The...

this paper presents an oil price cartel model. the aggregate reaction functions for non-cartel producers and for substitute suppliers are included. the former group acts as a price-taker, while the latter expects oil prices in production of its non-oil energy resources. this expectation about prices affects a cartel’s oil demand and, thus, gives intertemporal price elasticities it turns out tha...

This paper uses annual data on world oil price and consumption from 1965 to 2006 to calibrate a Hotelling model of optimal nonrenewable resource extraction. Numerical solutions are generated for various specifications of the elasticity of demand for both isoelastic demand and linear demand under each of two possible market structures: perfect competition and monopoly. Prior to the 1973 oil cris...

World energy demand is expected to increase due to the expanding urbanization, better living standards and increasing population. At a time when society is becoming increasingly aware of the declining reserves of fossil fuels beside the environmental concerns, it has become apparent that biodiesel is destined to make a substantial contribution to the future energy demands of the domestic and in...

Erythromycin production is clearly enhanced by the addition of vegetable oils. However,whether this positive effect is brought about by the triglyceride or non-triglyceride fraction, isnot clear. The non-triglyceride portions of the oils accumulate in the waste during the refiningprocess leaving mainly triglycerides in the refined oil. In this research, sub-fractions of soybeanoil, including le...