The influence of negative-energy states (NES) on forbidden magnetic-dipole ns1 2 2 n 1 1 s1 2 transitions in alkali-metal atoms is investigated. We find that the NES contributions are significant in almost all cases and, for rubidium, reduce the transition rate by a factor of 8. We tabulate magnetic-dipole M1 transition amplitudes for the alkalis. Our M1 value for cesium, where accurate measure...

Wireless sensor networks with single sink node have some disadvantages. One example is that certain sensors near the sink or on critical paths consume energy much faster than other nodes. To solve such energy hole problem, we propose an Energy-efficient Multi-sink Clustering Algorithm (EMCA). In EMCA, each cluster head is selected based on the residual energy. We also design an inter-cluster an...

This study was planned to explore the capability of nanoemulsions (NEs) consisting of CapryolTM 90 and oleic acid for the delivery of rapamycin (RAP). Permeability and cytotoxicity of RAP-loaded NEs were also inspected. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were created with oleic acid and CapryolTM 90 (as oil phase) and four surfactants and co-surfactants at various weight ratios (Rsm). Selected NEs f...

Virtual backbone trees have been used for efficient communication between sink node and any other node in the deployed area. But all the proposed virtual backbone trees are not fully energy efficient and EVBTs have few flaws associated with them. In this paper two such virtual backbones are proposed. The motive behind the first algorithm, Most Minimal Energy Virtual Backbone Tree (MMEVBT), is t...

There is considerable interest in using nano-emulsions (NEs) as delivery systems for lipophilicbioactive ingredients. In this study, the influence of G on the properties of vitamin E (VE) enriched NEsprepared using spontaneous emulsification (SE) method, were investigated. The particle size and optical clarityof the NEs depended strongly on the co-solvent presence, absence, an...

Sink mobility has been utilized in numerous schemes to prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Among the many ways of improving the performance of a WSN in terms of crucial metrics such as its lifetime and data latency, utilizing the mobility of some of the network components has been recently observed to be among the most promising. Regardless of its numerous advantages, deliv...

Energy conservation is a vital issue in wireless sensor networks. Recently, employing mobile sinks for data gathering become a pervasive trend to deal with this problem. The sink can follow stochastic or pre-defined paths; however the controlled mobility pattern nowadays is taken more into consideration. In this method, the sink moves across the network autonomously and changes its position bas...

This research concerns the definition of an analytical model and protocols for determining the routes of a mobile data collector (sink) traveling through the nodes of a wireless sensor network (WSN). The routes are determined with the overall aim of maximizing the network lifetime. The contribution of our work is twofold. First, we introduce a novel mixed integer linear programming formulation ...