The primary goal of this paper is to furnish an alternative description for the contingent normal cone, similar to the one that exists for the Fréchet one, but by using a directional convergence in place of the usual one. In fact, we actually prove that the same description is available not only for the contingent normal cone, but also for the Dini-Hadamard normal cone and the Dini-Hadamard-lik...

We study firstand second-order necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for approximate weakly, properly efficient solutions of multiobjective optimization problems. Here, tangent cone, -normal cone, cones of feasible directions, second-order tangent set, asymptotic second-order cone, and Hadamard upper lower directional derivatives are used in the characterizations. The results are first...

PURPOSE Albinism is associated with disrupted foveal development, though intersubject variability is becoming appreciated. We sought to quantify this variability, and examine the relationship between foveal cone specialization and pit morphology in patients with a clinical diagnosis of albinism. METHODS We recruited 32 subjects with a clinical diagnosis of albinism. DNA was obtained from 25 s...

In absence of their natural ligand, 11-cis-retinal, cone opsin G-protein-coupled receptors fail to traffic normally, a condition associated with photoreceptor degeneration and blindness. We created a mouse with a point mutation (F81Y) in cone S-opsin. As expected, cones with this knock-in mutation respond to light with maximal sensitivity red-shifted from 360 to 420 nm, consistent with an alter...

PURPOSE To analyze cone and rod phototransduction parameters from ERG a-waves in patients with RP and to determine the relationships among these parameters, age, and mode of inheritance. METHODS Sets of four white flashes (3.2-4.4 log scotopic troland [scot td-s]) were presented in the dark. The same stimuli were later presented against a rod-saturating background and the generated cone a-wav...

We used background adaptation and silent substitution techniques to record full-field ON and OFF-visually evoked cortical potentials (VECPs) selectively from the S-cone and L- and M-cone pathways in 15 patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), and 15 normal controls. The most statistically significant (P=0.01) VECP test for POAG was a voltage change in the S-cone pathway cortical OFF-re...

We investigated the dynamics of coherent backscattering cone and random laser in a disordered gain medium of ZnO powder. Theoretical fit to the coherent backscattering cone yields a transport mean free path l approximately equal to the probe wavelength , indicating that the scattering process is in the strong scattering regime. Supernarrow emissions from the laser are accompanied by enhancement...

We measured changes to cone photoreceptors in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. The data of 53 patients were compared with normative data for color matching measurements of long- and middle-wavelength-sensitive cones in the central macula. A four-parameter model quantified cone photopigment optical density and kinetics. Cone photopigment optical density was on average less f...

PURPOSE To investigate the morphologic changes in the outer retina of patients with cone dystrophy, using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS The medical records of 15 cone dystrophy patients examined from January 2007 to January 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. All patients underwent ophthalmic evaluation including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), color visi...